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History of Japan to 1868 - complete summary
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Summary of the first year course History of Japan to 1868 given by prof. Koch at Leiden University. Based on lectures and readings.
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History of Japan to 1868 - Complete summaryTweede helft van semester begint ongeveer bij 1582 - Oda Nobunaga’s death
Late Azuchi-Momoyama – Edo/Tokugawa Periode (<-- link)
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Difficult concepts: Als er fouten in staan lmk!
Concept/Word Meaning
Regent Position that made decisions on behalf of the emperor
Aristocracy The highest class in certain societies, typically composed of people of noble birth holding
hereditary titles and offices (members of aristocracy). A form of government in which
power is held by the nobility
Oligarchic state A government or system in which power is held by a select few individuals or a small
class of powerful people
Vassals A holder of land by feudal tenure (property ownership system in which ownership rests
with a sovereign) on conditions of homage and allegiance. A person or country in a
subordinate position to another
Feudalism A system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and
worked and fought for them in return
- absence of central state authority
- (mounted) warrior class - samurai
- lord-vassal relationships (based on rewards)
- economic base = control over possession of land and the farmers working on the land
Retainer A servant or attendant who has served a family for many years
Shogun A hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Held the military power and due to the
consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the emperor), the Shogun was
generally the real ruler
Shogunate The hereditary military rulership under the Shogun
Bakufu Synonym Shogunate. Ruled for nearly 700 years
Daimyo One of the largest and most powerful landholding magnates. Later military lords who
began exercising territorial control over shōen
Shugo (Military) governor/protector. Title given to certain officials, appointed to oversee one or
more provinces. Originally appointed by Minamoto Yoritomo, the first Kamakura shogun.
To maintain peace, supervise the guard service and command local retainers in battle.
Gained income from levying taxes on shōen
Shōen Private landholding estates under authority of the civil nobility and religious
establishments, remained within the framework of imperial government.
Three Tokugawa Owari-Tokugawa, Kishū-Tokugawa and Mito-Tokugawa. Could provide a Shogun if there
Branch Families was no suitable successor from the main line. They were established in the early Edo
period.
,Periods:
Period Era nengō 年号 Rulers/Main power
14,500 - 300 BCE Jōmon
300 BCE - 300 CE Yayoi Chiefs ruling regional
polities/communities
300 - 710 CE Yamato Yamato Confederation Imperial line
- +/- 300 - 500 CE - Kofun
- +/- 500 - 710 CE - Asuka
710 - 794 CE Nara Ritsuryō state Imperial line
794 - 1185 CE Heian Aristocratic bureaucracy Imperial line, Kyoto
Oligarchic state Regents - Fujiwara clan
1185 - 1336 CE Kamakura Warrior government Shogunate, Kamakura
1336 - 1573 CE Muromachi/Ashikaga Warrior government Shogunate
- 1467 - 1590 CE - Sengoku
1574 - 1603 CE Azuchi-Momoyama Warrior government Shogunate
1603 - 1867 CE Edo/Tokugawa Warrior government Shogunate
Important figures:
Name/Clan Period Position Description
Queen Himiko Empress Earliest named person in Japanese
history. Was chosen to rule the Yayoi.
Lived unmarried and secluded. Was a
shaman.
Wei gave her a title after tributary
order - “Queen of Wa, Friendly to Wei”
Younger brother managed affairs of
the estate - actually ruled the kingdom,
thought by the Chinese.
Empress Suiko Empress First female empress
Prince Shōtoku Regent Regent of Empress Suiko.
Had Buddhism as his belief -
Buddhism got adopted by the court..
State building and Reforms:
- Cap Rank System
- Seventeen Article Constitution
Attributed to the authorship of the
, Lotus Sutra
Soga Clan Installed Suiko as Empress, played a
major role in the spread of Buddhism.
Overthrown in the Taika reforms, by
someone of the Nakatomi clan
Nakatomi & Monotobe Clan Opposed Buddhism and the Soga clan
Emperor Shōmu Nara Emperor Issues to build the Daibutsu (great
Buddha) later to be placed in the
Tōdai-ji
Empress Shōtoku Nara Empress Appoints monk Dōkyō as first minister
etc.
Fujiwara Nara - Meji Clan Rose to power in the Imperial court.
Became regents. Clever marriage
- Fujiwara no Michinaga schemes
- Fujiwara no Tademichi - backed Emperor Go-Shirakawa
- Fujiwara no Yoringa - backed ex-Emperor Sutoku
Sutoku Heian (Ex-)Emperor Hōgen Rebellion. Succession dispute
with younger brother Go-Shirakawa.
Go-Shirakawa Heian Emperor Hōgen Rebellion. Succession dispute
with brother Sutoku
Antoku Heian Emperor Child Emperor from Taira family and
Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Put on the
throne by Taira no Kiyomori at 2 years
old. Died at 5 years old in Genpei war
Taira Heian Warrior clan Powerful warrior clan, often called
upon by the court in times of crisis
- Taira no Kiyomori Chief minister - - backed Go-Shirakawa. Marries his
dajō daijin daughter to the emperor → bears
Antoku, later put on the throne.
Minamoto Heian Warrior clan Powerful warrior clan, often called
upon by the court. Initially backed
Sutoku in the Hōgen Rebellion, but
due to betrayal , the clan fell apart
- Minamoto no Yoshitomo - backed Go-Shirakawa, betraying his
father. Later defeated by Taira no
Kiyomori in Heiji Rebellion
- Minamoto no Yoritomo Kamakura Shogun - called upon by the court to fight Taira
in the Genpei war. Later gains control
of Kyoto. Becomes the first Shogun
- Minamoto no Yoshitsune Kamakura - fought in the Genpei war.
Half-brother of Yoritomo, put in charge
of the capital. Later commits suicide
after fall out with Yoritomo
Atsumori Heian Described in the Heike momogatari
A young refined boy who got killed by
, the Genji, very emotional
Hōjō Kamakura Clan Powerful clan, aids Yoritomo in taking
Military regent control over Kyoto
- Hōjō Tokimasa Become Military regent after
Yoritomo’s death
Go-Toba Kamakura (Ex-)Emperor Starts the Jokyū-war against the
Shogunate, is defeated
Go-Daigo Kamakura Emperor Tried to overthrow the Shogunate after
conflict over the imperial succession,
failed 2 times.
Later 3 year direct rule in Kenma
Restoration.
Overthrown by Ashikaga Takauji
Ashikaga Takauji Kamakura Godaigo-loyalist Defeated armies of the Hōjō, conquers
Shogun Kyoto.
Later rebels against Go-Daigo.
Installs Kōmyō as Emperor, becomes
Shogun
Nitta Yoshida Kamakura Godaigo-loyalist Conquers Kamakura, later rebels
against Go-Daigo alonsides Ashikaga
Takauji
Kusunoki Masashige Kamakura/ Godaigo-loyalist Fights with Go-Daigo against the
Muromachi rebellion
Kōmyō Muromachi Emperor Installed by Ashikaga Takauji
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu Muromachi Shogun 2nd Shogun of Muromachi period.
Established diplomatic relations with
Ming, entered tributary order
Hosakawa Muromachi Clan/daimyō Fought in Ōnin-War
Yamana Muromachi Clan/daimyō Fought in Ōnin-War
Yoshiaki Muromachi Shogun Installed by Oda Nobunaga. Had no
authority, conspired against
Nobunaga. Got exiled
Oda Nobunaga Muromachi - Daimyō First great unifier of Japan.
Azuchi-Momoyama From the Oda clan. Rose to power
during the Muromachi period through
victories against other clans. Never
took on the title of Shogun or regent.
Killed at Honnō-ji incident,
Toyotomi Hideyoshi* Muromachi - Daimyō/samurai Retainer of Nobunaga.
Azuchi-Momoyama Regent (later) Second great unifier, continued
Nobunaga’s campaign to unify Japan.
From lowly peasant background, rises
through ranks to become Nobunaga’s
most distinguished generals
Tokugawa Ieyasu Azuchi-Momoyama Daimyo Ally and general of Nobunaga, briefly
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