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Unit 3: Classical conditioningWhat is classical associative learning?
Concept of classical conditioning
What is classical associative learning?
Classical conditioning→relationships among events (you can only predict the environment)
Instrumental conditioning→relationships between behaviour and consequences (you can modify the
environment)
Outline
• Concept of Classical conditioning: basic elements, terminology and types
• Types of classical conditioning: excitatory and inhibitory
• Basic phenomena in classic conditioning: acquisition, recovery, etc.
• Determinants of classic conditioning: owing to conditioned stimulus, owing to unconditioned stimulus,
owing to interval conditioned-unconditioned stimulus
• Models of classical conditioning: Rescorla and Wagner and Mackintosh
• Brain subtrates: cerebellum and the modulation of unconditioned stimulus/ hippocampus and the
modulation of conditioned stimulus.
Concept of classical conditioning
• Type of associative learning in which organisms relate two or more events to predict and prepare for
the occurrence of one of them→adaptive advantage
• Part of our emotional behaviour is acquired by classic conditionin
• Affects both automatic and voluntary responses
,Basic elements
Pavlov (1927)→ Elements in the conditioned reflex
• Unconditioned stimulus: Biologically relevant elicits a natural response
• Unconditioned response: unconditional/natural response to unconditioned stimulus
• Neutral stimulus: arbitrary, it elicits an orienting response that is quickly extinguished
• Training: neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus repeatedly paired.
• Conditioned stimulus: neutral stimulus acquires the property of predicting unconditioned stimulus and
triggers an anticipated response
• Conditioned response. Similar to unconditioned response, but without unconditioned stimulus, just a
response to a conditioned stimulus.
Which events can be unconditioned stimulus or conditioned stimulus?
• US: biologically relevant (pleasant or unpleasant)
• CS: any environmental sign or event that through repeated pairing with the US elicits a conditioned
response
Terminology
• InterStimuli Interval (ISI): difference in time between conditioned stimulus (bell) and unconditioned
stimulus (food)
• InterTrial Interval (ITI): difference in time between trials
Measuring the Conditioned Response:
1. Magnitude (intensity)
2. Probability (% of trials with CR)
3. Latency (time of the interval between CS-CR)
If the CS-US interval is very short, it is difficult to distinguish CR from UR -> You do test trials with no
unconditioned stimulus and if there is a response that means there is a conditioned response
, Types
Contingency CS-US Motivational value
Excitatory Excitatory
Positive Relation Aversive (unpleasant)
CS + —> US Appetitive (pleasant)
Giving food Hitting with newspaper
(CS signals US appearance)
Negative Relation
CS - —> No US Inhibitory Inhibitory
(CS- signals US absence) Appetitive (pleasant) Aversive (unpleasant)
Requires excitatory context Not hitting of newspaper Absence of food
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