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Summary Complete notes on Topic 2 Biology- Pearson Edexcel 7,92 €
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Summary Complete notes on Topic 2 Biology- Pearson Edexcel
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  • PEARSON (PEARSON)
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  • Edexcel A level Biology B Student Book 2 ActiveBook

Includes structure and function of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. Includes all complete set of notes on Viruses (they different modes of replication, structure, function).

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  • Desconocido
  • 5 de mayo de 2024
  • 9
  • 2022/2023
  • Resumen

Temas

  • biology
  • advanced biochemistry
  • biological molecules
  • cells
  • summary notes
  • microbiology and genetics
  • viruses and reproduction of living things
  • classification and biodiversity

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Topic 2: Cells, Viruses and Reproduction of Living Things
2.1 Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure and function
Cell Theory; an unifying concept that states cells are a fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living
organisms
1. Matthias Schleiden; plants are made of cells
2. Theodore Schwan; animals are made of cells
3. Rudolf Virchow; cells come from pre-existing cells

Organisation of eukaryotic cells;
1. A Cell is a basic functional and structural unit in organisms
2. A Tissue is a group of cells working together to carry out a particular function
3. An Organ is made from different tissues working together to perform specific functions
4. An Organ system is a group of organs working together to carry out body functions

Specialised Tissue Organ Organ Organism
cells System


Endosymbiotic Theory; eukaryotic organelles derive from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells
- Organelles have a double membrane as though it has been engulfed by a larger cell
- Organelles and bacteria cell;
1. Circular DNA
2. 70S ribosomes (mitochondria + chloroplast)
3. Reproduce by binary fission


Prokaryotic Cells; Bacteria, cyanobacteria and Eukaryotic cells; Animals, plants, protoctists, algae and
archaebacteria fungi

Small (5 um) and older Big (10 um) and younger

Always unicellular Often multicellular

No membrane bound nucleus/organelles Double membrane bound nucleus/organelles

Circular DNA with no protein Linear DNA with protein

Small ribosomes (70S) Large ribosomes (80S)

No cytoskeleton Always has a cytoskeleton

Mobility by flagellum made of flagellin Mobility by undulipodium made of tubulin

Cell division by binary fissions Cell division by meiosis/mitosis

Asexual reproduction Asexual/sexual reproduction
- Svedberg (S); a unit to measure how quickly particles settle in a centrifuge depending on the size and shape of
the particle




Prokaryotes (*only found in prokaryotic cells)

, Plasmids* - Small, circular, single length of DNA
- Codes for bacterial phenotype- in addition to the genetic information of the nucleoid
- Reproduces independently of the nucleoid
- Transfers from one bacterium to another using the pili- sexual reproduction

Nucleoid - Long, circular strand of DNA with no proteins
- Folded and coiled to fit
- Does not have a membrane-bound nucleus

70S - Free in the cytoplasm- not attached to membranes
Ribosomes - Carry out protein synthesis
- Subunits; 30S and 50S

Cell Wall - Made of peptidoglycan (polymer of sugar and amino acids)
- Thick layer to maintain the shape
- Strength and support
- Prevents the cell from bursting

Cell Surface - Site of respiratory enzymes as they have no mitochondria
Membrane - Infolding in the membrane- mesosomes

Pili* - Pili; thread-like protein projections
- Used for attachment to a host and sexual reproduction
- Make bacteria more vulnerable as bacteriophage use them as an entry point to the cell
- Allow plasmids to move from cell to cell

Flagella - Used to move
- A rigid rotating tail
- Made of many stranded helix of protein flagellin

Capsule/slime - Protective layer
layer* - Retain moisture and stick to surfaces


Eukaryotes
Nucleus - Largest organelle (1-20 um)
- Surrounded by a nuclear envelope; double nuclear membrane containing nuclear pores (large
holes containing proteins that control the movement of substances so that the nucleus can
control events in the cytoplasm)
- Inside there are proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
- When the cell is not dividing DNA is bonded to the protein chromatin
- During cell division the chromatin becomes condensed into chromosomes
- Nucleolus; region of dense linear DNA and protein which produces ribosomes
- Protoplasm; cytoplasm and the nucleus
- Nucleoplasm contains chromatin

80S Ribosomes - Smallest and most numerous organelle
- Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
- Site of protein synthesis
- No membrane
- Found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondria and chloroplast contain 70S; reproduced independently in these when the cell
divides

Endoplasmic - 3D network of membrane bound cavities in the cytoplasm making up a large part of the cellular

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