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TRT2601 Mini Exam 2024
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2024TRT2601
EXAM PACK
2024
SEMESTER 1
, Learning outcomes and key concepts
Lesson 5: Passenger water transport
LESSON NUMBER 5
TITLE OF TOPIC Transport for tourism
TITLE OF LESSON Passenger water transport
NOTIONAL STUDY HOURS 15
NUMBER OF PLANNED SELF-
6
REFLECTIVE ACTIVITIES
NUMBER OF ASSESSMENT- To be communicated through Tutorial Letter
LINKED ACTIVITIES 101
NUMBER OF E-TUTOR
ACTIVITIES
0 (zero)
(Where necessary/applicable)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this lesson, you should be able to
compare the different modes of passenger water transport to make an informed
decision on the most suitable mode for a specific purpose
explain the difference between river ports and deepwater seaports
differentiate between a destination port, a gateway port and a balanced port
discuss the required network of waterways for coastal water transport and inland
water transport
critique the factors that affect the growth of sea water transport
discuss the factors that hinder the growth of passenger water transport
KEY CONCEPTS
balanced port
coastal water transport
destination port
, gateway port
inland water transport
ports
sea water transport
waterways
Page 1
YOUR NOTES AND QUESTIONS
1. Introduction
5.1. INTRODUCTION
Icebreaker
In the previous two units you learnt about passenger air transport (Lesson 3)
and passenger land transport (Lesson 4), which is divided into road transport (private cars,
buses, etc) and rail transport (monorails, underground trains, etc). In this LU, we will
introduce you to passenger water transport, which includes exciting modes of transport such
as cruise ships, boats and yachts.
Passenger water transport, especially sea water transport, enables tourists to engage with
nature by sailing over long distances while enjoying the scenery. Imagine being offered an
opportunity to travel for two days on a cruise ship or to spend two days by a beautiful river,
sailing on a sail boat or riding on a speedboat. Which would you
choose? Click HERE to share your views using the Discussion forum tool on the module
site.
In this lesson we will be introducing you to passenger water transport and the different
types and modes of passenger water transport. First, we will provide a detailed discussion of
what is meant by passenger water transport. In this discussion, you will be introduced to the
different vessels/modes of passenger water transport. You will also be introduced to the
different types of water transport. The detailed discussion of what passenger water transport
includes will be followed by a consideration of the infrastructure required for passenger
,water transport. This discussion will cover the waterways for different types of water
transport and the importance of ports. We will conclude this lesson by considering the
factors hindering the growth of passenger water transport.
Page 3
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2. YOUR NOTES AND QUESTIONS
What is passenger water transport
5.2. WHAT IS PASSENGER WATER TRANSPORT?
Passenger water transport is related to nautical tourism, which Gon, Osti and Pechlaner
(2016:181) refer to as “a multifunctional tourist activity with a distinguished maritime
component, a specific kind of tourism based on a strong relation between tourists and the sea,
performed on vessels, sailing ships or motor yachts, in nautical ports, marinas and on sea,
where navigation and sojourn on boats, together with other maritime activities, are the
predominant touristic activities”. From this broad definition, passenger water transport is
clearly associated with tourism activities that take place on the sea or on other bodies of
water, such as rivers, dams and lakes and entail the use of water-oriented vessels. This
means that these vessels serve as a mode of transportation, while at the same time offering
onboard leisure activities and accommodation (Gon et al., 2016).
Passenger water transport can be divided into three broad categories: sea, coastal and
inland water transport. These three categories are crucial for tourism because they vary
according to the purpose for which they are used and the experiences that they offer
tourists. The popular modes of sea transport are cruise ships (Santos, Radicchi & Zagnoli,
2019) and yachts (Western Cape’s Department of Economic Development and Tourism
[DEDAT], 2020), whereas the popular modes of coastal and inland water transport are boats
(Western Cape’s Department of Economic Development and Tourism [DEDAT], 2020) and
ferries (Khisty, 1989). It important to note that not all these modes of passenger water
transport offer onboard leisure activities and accommodation.
With cruise ships, tourists enjoy onboard accommodation, hospitality and entertainment in
the form of leisure activities while cruising for several days and then stopping at a few
,destinations for on-land excursions (Santos et al., 2019). This is the reason why cruise ships
can be perceived as tourism destinations by tourists. Boats are used for recreational
activities, such as sailing around/past the destination’s tourist attractions and landscapes, but
they do not offer onboard accommodation (Western Cape’s Department of Economic
Development and Tourism [DEDAT], 2020). Ferries are commonly used for recreational
activities and for sailing to tourist attractions within the destination (Kalahe &
Mudunkotuwa, 2020; Khisty, 1989). With yachts, tourists can sail from destination to
destination while enjoying the onboard accommodation facilities, scenery and luxurious
lifestyle (Yao, Zheng & Parmak, 2021).
One of the key differences between yachts, cruise ships and boats is that yachts can carry
up to 35 passengers (Chen, Chrysanthi, Nijkamp, Panoraria & Dimitrios, 2016), cruise ships
can carry over 3 000 passengers (International Transport Forum, 2016), boats can carry up to
25 passengers (Marine and Safety Tasmania, 2020) and ferries can carry up to up to 270
passengers (Robben Island Museum, 2018). Each of these vessels will be discussed in detail
in this lesson. However, the required infrastructure for passenger water transport will be
discussed first.
Activity 5.1
Click HERE to complete this activity under the Discussion Forum tool on the module
site. The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to different modes of passenger water
transport. You should be able to compare the different modes of passenger water transport to
make an informed decision about the most suitable mode for a specific purpose.
Therefore, you are required to visit the following links to learn about the different modes
of passenger water transport:
Boats (there are different types of boats)
https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/a-guide-to-
different-types-of-boats/
Cruise ships (they differ in size and onboard activities)
https://www.msccruises.co.za/our-cruises/ships
Yachts (they differ in size)
, https://www.fraseryachts.com/en/buy-a-yacht/
Activity 5.1 feedback
In your response, you should have referred to the different types of boats, cruise ships and
yachts. You would have noticed that these different modes of water transport are used for
different purposes, for example boats can be associated with exciting water activities, while
yachts can be associated with luxurious sailing.
Infrastructure for passenger water
transport
5.3. REQUIRED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PASSENGER WATER TRANSPORT
As mentioned in section 5.2, passenger water transport is divided into sea, coastal and
inland water transport. Each of these categories needs the necessary infrastructure to
operate. This infrastructure includes ports (Chen et al., 2016) and a network of waterways
(Kaup & Łozowicka, 2018).
5.3.1. Ports
Roa, Peña, Amante and Goretti (2013:1056) define ports as “areas that are attached to a
sea, ocean or river by a connecting waterway”. According to Western Cape’s Department of
Economic Development and Tourism (DEDAT) (2020), a port should have the following to
receive various modes of passenger water transport:
terminal or docking facilities of sufficient length to accommodate different modes of
passenger water transport
sufficient water space for the mode of passenger water transport to be able to turn
around
the following facilities at the docking or terminal facilities:
o parking facilities for modes of passenger road transport
o sufficient space for handling tourists’ luggage (This is crucial for cruise ships.)
o a customs area for international tourists departing/arriving at the destination
by means of cruise ships
o waiting areas that tourists can use while awaiting departure
, o toilet facilities
o an information desk for tourists to obtain information about, for example,
nearby public transport facilities
In section 5.2, we mentioned that passenger water transport is divided into sea, coastal
and inland water transport. We also mentioned that there are different modes of passenger
water transport that are used for different purposes. This means that the ports need to be
designed to safely receive the modes of passenger water transport that they serve. Therefore,
according to Roa et al. (2013), ports in general can be divided into two categories, namely
deepwater seaports and river ports. Deepwater seaports are determined by the depth of the
sea at the port’s terminal, which must be more than 13.72 metres. River ports are ports that
are situated next to riverbanks (Roa et al., 2013). Deepwater seaports are used by large
modes of passenger water transport, such as cruise ships (Santos et al., 2019), yachts (Chen
et al., 2016) and ferries (Robben Island Museum, 2018), whereas river ports are for
recreational purposes and are used by boats (Western Cape’s Department of Economic
Development and Tourism [DEDAT], 2020). Examples of deepwater seaports include the
Port of Durban and the Port of East London in South Africa, while an example of a river port
is the Kowie River port at Port Alfred in South Africa.
Activity 5.2
Activity 5.2 is an individual self-assessment written activity. The purpose of this activity
is to encourage you to explain the difference between river ports and deepwater seaports.
Therefore, you are required to do explain the difference between river ports and deepwater
seaports.
Activity 5.2 feedback
In your response, you should have referred to the location of river ports and the modes of
water transport that are received by river ports and deepwater seaports
5.3.2. Network of waterways
In section 5.2 you learnt that passenger water transport comprises sea water transport,
coastal water transport and inland water transport. In section 5.3.1 we highlighted that the
depth of the sea or river determines the mode of passenger water transport that can navigate
the water. In this section, we will discuss the network of waterways in the context of sea
water transport, coastal water transport and inland water transport.
, 5.3.2.1. Sea water transport
According to Santos et al. (2019), cruise ships are a popular mode of sea water transport
and can only navigate through deep water across different seas. This implies that the deep
seas, including oceans, constitute a network of waterways for cruise ships. Li, Wang and
Ducruet (2021) explain that a cruise ship, such as the Queen Elizabeth, is able to cruise
around the world for a period of twelve months, stopping at about 107 ports by means of a
network of waterways that consist of deepwater oceans and seas. The Atlantic Ocean, Indian
Ocean and Pacific Ocean and seas such as the Baltic Sea make up a network of waterways
that make it possible for cruise ships, such as the Queen Elizabeth, to cruise around Africa,
Asia, Australia and Europe (Li et al., 2021). Throughout a cruise, cruise ships stop at the
following three different types of ports (Santos et al., 2019):
Destination ports. These are usually a popular tourism destination that is included in
the cruise ship’s itinerary. An example of such a tourism destination is Venice, where
tourists can visit tourist attractions within the vicinity of the port during the stopover.
Gateway ports. These are places where cruise ships stop for technical reasons, such
as to take on oil and supplies and to undertake repairs. This port is not a destination
per se, but it grants passengers access to nearby tourist attractions by means of other
modes of water transport or road transport.
Balanced ports. These are perceived as destinations by tourists. Such ports usually
have tourist attractions within their vicinity and nearby inland tourist attractions.
It is important to note that the abovementioned ports are classified by cruise liners, based
on their role in their respective regions and how they are positioned in the itinerary of a
cruise.
Activity 5.3
Activity 5.3 is an individual self-assessment written activity. The purpose of this
activity is to encourage you to differentiate between a destination port, a gateway port and a
balanced port. Therefore, you are required to do the following:
1. Using your own words, discuss the difference between a destination port, a gateway
port and a balanced port.
Activity 5.3 feedback
In your response, you should have referred to the differences between destination ports,
gateway ports and balanced ports
, 5.3.2.2. Coastal water transport
Coastal water transport can be described as a mode of transport that sails along the
coastline from one port to the next. A country like South Africa, which has a coastline of
over 3 000 kilometres in length, makes it possible to use coastal water transport as an ideal
alternative to road and rail transport (Rennie, 2002). South Africa’s coastline is situated in
both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean and it borders on three of the country’s nine
provinces. It includes popular coastal tourism destinations such as Umhlanga Rocks in
KwaZulu-Natal, Plettenberg Bay in the Western Cape and East London in the Eastern
Cape (Claassens et al., 2022). This coastline constitutes a network of waterways for coastal
water transport.
As with the sea transport waterways network, the network of waterways for coastal
transport is interconnected by ports. For example, the ports along the coasts of KwaZulu-
Natal, Western Cape and Eastern Cape make it possible for tourists to reach costal
destinations/cities in these provinces, such as Umhlanga Rocks in KwaZulu-Natal,
Plettenberg Bay in the Western Cape and East London in the Eastern Cape, by means of
modes of water transport such as cruise ships (see Azamara, 2022). A network of coastal
waterways can also be navigated by other modes of water transport, such as yachts, which
can also offer onboard accommodation, catering and entertainment (Santos et al., 2019).
5.3.2.3. Inland water transport
This category of water transport relies on a network of inland waterways that can be
navigated by boats and yachts (Kaup & Łozowicka, 2018). Inland waterways are usually not
big or deep enough for cruise ships to navigate. The network of inland waterways is made
up of inland river networks that flow through the destination (Skaggs & Grier, 1989) and, at
times, interconnect with the sea/ocean (Zou, Sánchez & Noruzoliaee, 2016). Inland water
transport has been recognised as an alternative to other types of passenger transport (such as
rail transport and road transport) that are used by tourists to travel within a destination
(Kalahe & Mudunkotuwa, 2020).
In cities such as New York, where inland water transport is popular, it was found that this
form of transport is popular because it is less stressful and inland ports are not overcrowded
like train stations are. Kalahe and Mudunkotuwa (2020) highlighted the following additional
factors that can contribute to inland water transport’s popularity:
, the availability of air-conditioning systems on the boats
the connectivity of the waterways to other modes of transport
the comfort of the boats’ seats
the scenery of the waterway from the boat
the availability of facilities such as toilets and ATMs at the inland ports
the reasonable/affordable fare for each trip
the punctuality of boats (especially when there are transport service schedules in
place)
the duration of the trip (Trips that take a maximum of 40 minutes are preferred.)
minimal waiting time for the boat to depart/arrive
One of the greatest advantages of the network of inland waterways is that it is not
restricted to existing rivers and seas/oceans. The inland waterways can be adapted to meet
the destination’s transport needs. According to Hall (1989), inland waterways can be
adapted by diverting the flow of water from one river to the next by building river
canals. An example of a built river canal is the Indira Ghandi Canal in India. This canal was
built to interconnect Rajasthan and Punjab by means of two rivers, the Satluj River and the
Beas River.
Activity 5.4
Click HERE to complete this activity under the Discussion Forum on the module
site. The purpose of this activity is to encourage you to discuss – in an essay format – the
required network of waterways for coastal water transport and for inland water transport .
Therefore, you are required to do the following:
1. In an essay of at least 500 words, discuss the required network of waterways for
coastal water transport and for inland water transport.
2. Provide your own examples of a network of waterways for coastal water transport and
for inland water transport.
Activity 5.4 feedback
In your response, you should have referred to the following:
1. the required network of waterways for coastal water transport and for inland water
transport
2. your own examples of a network of waterways for coastal water transport and for
inland water transport
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