HESI Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions With Correct Answers

Acid-Base Values - ANSWER-Normal values — The range of normal values varies among laboratories. In general, normal values for acidity (pH), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and bicarbonate concentration (HCO3) are as follows: ●pH - 7.35 to 7.45 ●PaCO2 - 35 to 45 mmHg (4.7 to 6 kPa) ●HCO3 - 21 to 27 mEq/L Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER-excess CO2 retention, pH <7.35, HCo3 >45, PaCO2 >45 S/S: anxiety, apprehension, confusion/coma, excessive sweating, headache, restlessness, tachycardia Respiratory alkalosis - ANSWER-excess CO2 excretion, pH >7.45, HCO3 <35, PaCO2 <35 S/S: anxiety, fear, lightheadedness, paresthesias, rapid deep breathing, twitching Metabolic Acidosis - ANSWER-HCO3 loss and acid retention, pH <7.35, HCO3<22, PaCO2 >35 S/S: coma (in severe cases), drowsiness, fatigue, fruity breath (if DKA), headache, lethargy, nausea, rapid deep breathing, vomiting. Metabolic Alkalosis - ANSWER-HCO3 retention, acid loss, pH>77.45, HCO3 >28, PaCO2 > 45 S/S: coma (in severe cases), confusion, irritability, hypertonic muscles, mental apathy, restlessness, seizures, slow shallow breathing, tetany, twitching Amputation Indications - ANSWER-●An unsalvageable extremity due to critical limb ischemia in patients with vascular disease. Primary amputation may be the only option for patients without an anatomic option for revascularization or those with medical risk factors that contraindicate revascularization.