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Summarised chemistry notes. easy to memorise

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  • 13 de junio de 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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● what is the atomic structure→The nucleus has positive protons and neutral neutrons
and is surrounded by a energy shells with negative electrons.

● what is the relative atomic mass for protons and neutrons→1

● what is the relative atomic mass for electrons→almost 0.

● what is the maximum number of electrons the electron shell one can hold→2

● what is the maximum number of electrons the electron shell two can hold→8

● what is the maximum number of electrons the electron shell 3 can hold→18

● what is the maximum number of electrons the electron shell 4 can hold→32

● what is the maximum number of electrons the electron shell 5 can hold→50

● what does Aufbau principle state→Electrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest energy
level and move up.

● what does orbitals mean→Regions in an atom where electrons are likely to be found.

● what is the maximum number of electrons an orbital can hold.→2

● proximity→The state of being near or close to something.

● Explain electron configuration→This is the distribution of electrons in a molecule or
an atom.

● why do electrons repel with each other→This is because they have the same charge.

● what will happen when there is more than one orbital in a sub- shell→They will fill up
singly until all the orbitals in that sub-shell have an electron in them and they will pair
up.

● what is ionic bonding→This is the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely
charged ions.

● where are noble gases found in the periodic table→Group 0.

● Explain why noble gases do not react at all or do not react easily→This is because
they have a full outer shell. And they have a stable electron configuration.

● why do other elements in the periodic table react→This is because they do not have
a full outer shell, therefore, they react to gain a stable electron configuration.


, ● when does ionic bonding occur→Ionic bonding occurs when an atom of an element
loses one or more electron and donates it to an atom of a different element.

● what happens when atoms lose electrons→They become positively charged.

● what happens when atoms gain electrons→They become negatively charged.

● Explain what an electrostatic attraction is→This Is the force that experienced by
oppositely charged particles. It holds particles strongly together.

● what is a Giant ionic lattice→a regular arrangement of of positive and negative ions.

● what is the strength of electrostatic force of ionic bond dependent on→It is
dependent on the ionic charge and the ionic radii of the ions.

● what happens when an electron has more positive ions→The more shells it will have.

● what will happen when an ion has more shells→The radius will be bigger than an ion
with fewer electrons.

● what happens when ionic charge is high→The electrostatic attraction is stronger.

● what happens when the ionic radii is bigger→The electrostatic attraction becomes
weaker.

● Why does the electrostatic attraction become weaker when the ionic radii is
bigger→This is because when the ionic radius is bigger, the ionic charge is spread
over a large surface area.

● when does an covalent bond occur→between two non-metals.

● when does a covalent bond form→when an electron is being shared between atoms.

● where do the electrons come from In a covalent bond→from the top energy level of
an atom.

● what is a dative covalent bond→A covalent bond where both electrons come from
one of the atoms.

● what are metals→These are giant structures of atoms held together by metallic
bonds.

● what is the structure of metal→Regular lattice.

● what causes metallic bonding→When the electrons from the highest energy level of
an atom has the ability to become delocalised. And they are free to move through the
metal in a 'sea of electrons'. which gives the metal nuclei a positive charge, which is
then attracted to the negative charge of the delocalised electrons.

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