Examen

C952 - Computer Architecture with 100% correct answers

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WGU C173

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WGU C173

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c952 computer architecture with 100 correct ans

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C952 - Computer Architecture with 100%
correct answers
embedded computer
a computer embedded inside a device, used for a specific purpose

Ex: computer embedded in a Smart TV

how is performance improved today?
by utilizing parallel processing and hierarchical memory

moore's law
integrated circuit resources double every ~2 years

abstraction
simplify a model by hiding low-level details

Ex: hiding memory management in Java

common case
common uses/needs

make the common case fast
making the most common uses of a system fast will enhance performance more than enhancing the
less common cases

parallel computing
a model in which programs are broken into small pieces, some of which are run simultaneously

pipelining
moving multiple operations through hardware units that each do a piece of an operation

it's faster to have many small units helping than have one monolithic unit to do everything

predictive processing
processing data ahead of when it's needed by predicting the outcome of another operation

if predictions are frequently accurate, this can speed up processing

hierarchical memory
using a combination of fast, small memory and larger, slower tiers of memory to support it.

Ex: CPU cache, RAM, SSD, HDD (in that order)

dependability via redundancy
introducing redundancy allows systems to continue in the event failures

,systems software
operating system, BIOS, other software that runs on top of the hardware

assembler
a program that translates symbolic versions of instructions to their binary version

assembly language
a symbolic representation of machine instructions

machine language
the binary representation of machine instructions

high-level programming language
a language composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated into assembly

control (computer organization)
sends signals that determine instructions for other components to perform

datapath (computer organization)
performs instructions and calculations on data

raster refresh buffer (frame buffer)
memory that stores the bitmap for the frame to display on the screen

dynamic random access memory (DRAM)
A type of memory that is used to provide random access to any location in memory

static random access memory (SRAM)
faster than DRAM but stores less in the same area

cache memory
small, fast memory that keeps a redundant copy of data in larger, slower memory

instruction set architecture (architecture)
An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software that encompasses all the
information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including
instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.

Ex: x86, RISC-V

application binary interface (ABI)
the user portion of the instruction set plus OS interfaces used by application programmers

defines a standard for binary portability across computers

, implementation
hardware that obeys the architecture abstraction

volatile memory
storage in which data is only retained while it's receiving power

Ex: DRAM

nonvolatile memory
memory that retains data even in the absence of power

Ex: HDD

main/primary memory
memory used to hold programs while they're running

Ex: DRAM

secondary memory
nonvolatile memory used to store programs/data

Ex: SSD/HDD

very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit
a device containing hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors

semiconductor
a substance that doesn't conduct electricity well

chip manufacturing process
ingot -> wafer -> pattered wafer -> test -> dies -> packaged dies -> test -> shipping

defect
a microscopic flaw in a wafer or patterning steps that can result in the failure of the die containing the
defect

die
individual rectangular section cut from a wafer

response/execution time
the total time required for a computer to complete a task, including all convoluting factors

throughput/bandwidth
a measure of performance - the number of tasks completed per unit time

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