2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1
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Summary Manchurian crisis and the Mukden incident
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2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1
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Summary notes of the Manchurian crisis
1931- Sep- Mukden incident
1933-Feb- Japan left the League of nations
1933-Nov- Anti-Comintern Pact signed
1937 -July- Japan attacked China
1940 Sept 27- Tripartite pact signed by Germany, Italy and Japan
1941- Japan occupied southern Indo-China
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2K International Relations and Global Conflict, c1
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Key dates
1931- Sep- Mukden incident
1933-Feb- Japan left the League of nations
1933-Nov- Anti-Comintern Pact signed
1937 -July- Japan attacked China
1940 Sept 27- Tripartite pact signed by Germany, Italy and Japan
1941- Japan occupied southern Indo-China
Dec 7-8 - Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
Dec 8 - Usa declared war on Japan
Dec 11- Germany declared war on the USA
Japanese Occupation of Manchuria 1931
● The Great Depression on the economy convinced the Japanese officers corps
that it would have to act decisively and occupy the whole of Manchuria.
● Be able to control the regions coal and iron resources
18th September 1931 a bomb exploded in the railway line outside Mukden, Where
both Chinese and Japanese troops were stationed
-> blamed China and provided the Japanese forces with the desired excuse excuse
to occupy not only Mukden but the whole of southern Manchuria
The Mukden incident (the excuse for the invasion)?
● 18th september 1931-an explosion on south east manchurian train
○ Japanese blamed the chinese for the attack and that they had shot the
rail guards
○ Chinese denied saying their soldiers were asleep at the time.
○ Kwantung army used this as excuse to invade
○ Japanese people excited with the victory, celebrating in the streets
○ Gouvernent no happy but had to go along with the invasion
○ In 1932 japan renamed manchuria to manchukuo
○ They put Pu Yi (ex Chinese emperor who was thrown out) in charge as
a puppet ruler - japan could control him.
Report of the Lytton Commission
● The League received the Commission’s report in September 1932.
● Although it conceded that the treaty rights had made Sino-Japanese friction
unavoidable as China territory had been forcibly seized and occupied by
Japanese forces.
, ● It suggested that Japanese troops should withdraw and then both China and
Japan should negotiate both Japan’s rights in Manchuria but also a
non-aggression pact and trade agreement.
● The report was mistakenly based on the assumption that Japan had no
territorial desires in China and were ready to compromise over Manchuria.
● In the face of the entirety of the League agreeing on the solution apart from
Japan, they withdrew in February 1933 - leaving the only possible solution as
armed intervention from the Great Powers but it was not politically realistic.
League of Nations
The Council responded Cautiously .
Asked Japan to withdraw troops back into the railway zone and, when this was
ignored, sent a commission of inquiry under the chairmanship of Lord Lytton.
-> Japan were able to complete the occupation of Manchuria and Turned into the
satellite state of Manchukuo while the Lytton Commision was conducting a leisurely
fact-Finding operation in the spring of 1932
Refusal of Britain and the USA to use Forced
It is easy to criticise the league for not acting more decisively, but without the
commitment of the great powers it was not in a position to take effective action.
● Neither of the two most important naval powers, Britain and the USA, was
ready to use force against Japan.
● September 15- a minor mutiny at the naval base at Invergordon, which was
caused by a cut in the Sailors wages, threatened temporarily to paralyse the
royal navy and five days later Britain was forced off the gold standard.
● USA shell shocked by the Great Depression, was unwilling to do more than
denounce Japanese aggression
● -argues that economic sanction would be like ‘sticking pins in tigers’ would run
the risk of leading to war
● Many argued that Britain secretly supported Japan as Japan provided a
barrier against the spread of Bolshevism from the USSR into Northern Japan
● nonetheless the real reason why Britain was not ready to urge more decisive
actions against Japan was because that was not central to British Interest
● The league's inability to subdue the Japanese presented an opportunity for an
emerging European power to wage war in Africa.
● Benito Mussolini had paid close attention to the league’s ineptitude to punish
Japan's lack of authority.
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