Music Therapy Board Certification Exam
Flashcards
independent observer -
someone observing behavior alone in order to check the reliability of the measurement system; the
observer doesn't know what other observers are recording
automatic recording -
when an individual's behavior activates an electrical or mechanical apparatus which in turn makes a
record automatically
observational recording -
when an observer looks at a person's behavior and makes a record of what he or she sees or hears as
it occurs
antecedent -
something that occurs before the behavior of interest occurs or fails to occur
consequence -
anything that changes in the environment following the behavior
ABC recording -
stands for antecedent, behavior, consequence; purpose of this recording method is to identify
important behaviors and possible factors that are associated with their occurrence as well as possible
consequence that may maintain them
frequency counting/event recording -
an observer counts the number of discrete events of a certain class of behavior as they occur during
a given time
reliability/interscorer agreement -
calculated by having a second person independently record the behavior during several sessions for
each phase of the study
duration recording -
recording how long a behavior lasts
latency recording -
recording of how much time elapses between an event and a behavior
interval recording -
used where there are ongoing play or work behaviors; requires someone with no other
responsibility than to observe and record the behavior of interest; each observation session is divided
into equal periods and the observer then records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of behavior during
these intervals
,whole interval recording -
behavior persists throughout the entire interval in order to be scored for that interval
partial interval recording -
behavior is scored for an interval if it occurs at all during the period
baseline -
a pre-experimental record of a behavior
variability -
amount of day-to-day fluctuation in the behavior
AB design -
a two phase design; first phase (A) is a pre-experimental or baseline phase before experimental
manipulation. In the second phase (B), an experimental treatment is applied in an attempt to bring
about change in the behavior
Reversal Design -
steps used: Baseline 1: scientifically define and record the operant level of the behavior prior to the
institution of experimental conditions; experimental condition 1: after you are convinced that the
baseline data are sufficiently stable and that there is no compromising trend in the data, begin the
experimental procedures while continuing to record the amount of behavior; Baseline 2: withdraw the
experimental procedure. Return to the conditions that prevailed during baseline 1 and continue to the
measure the behavior; experimental condition 2: reinstate the experimental procedures. return to the
conditions that prevailed during the first experimental condition
sensorimotor development (ages newborn-2) -
children learn about the environment through their senses and through motor activity. Healthy
babies respond to their environment with sucking, mouthing objects, grasping, kicking, cooing, and
crying.
infant-directed speech -
speech that is typically slower, higher pitched, and has greater inlection
preoperational stage -
characterized by rapid language and conceptual growth; the child can use words as symbols to
represent objects and events in the environment rather than functioning solely through perceptual acts
parallel play -
children play next to one another, engaged in similar activities, but cooperation or interaction is rare
beat competency -
being able to maintain a steady beat
concrete operations (ages 7-11) -
can think systematically and solve problems mentally as long as the situation is related to
immediate reality (i.e. concrete situations common in their own experience)
,formal operations (age 11-adulthood) -
ability to think abstractly; people are able to grapple mentally with ideas outside their own realm of
existence
Merriam's functional domains of music -
music as an influence on physical response, music as a form of communication, music as a form of
emotional expression, music as symbolic representation, music to enforce conformity to social norms,
music to validate social institutions and religious rituals, music to contribute to the continuity and
stability of culture, music to contribute to the integration of society, music for aesthetic enjoyment, and
music for entertainment
ear canal (external auditory meatus) -
tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear; extends from the pinna to the ear drum
middle ear -
the part of the hearing mechanism that dampens sound from the ear canal and passes it on to the
inner ear; includes the tympanic membrane (eardrum ) and the ossicles
ossicles -
the three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) found in the middle ear that move in response to
acoustical energy transmitted by the tympanic membrane
cochlea -
a small snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains sensory receptors important in the
transmission of sound to the auditory nerve
auditory nerve -
the nerve fibers that carry sound information, in the form of electrochemical energy, from the inner
ear (cochlea) to the brain, where the information is processed
vibrotactile aid -
a mechanism that aids individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to detect and interpret the
vibration of sounds through the sense of touch
Attention -
the process of seeking out stimuli that are of interest
sustained attention -
the act of maintaining one's spotlight of attention on a particular task for an extended period
shifting attention -
continually changing one's focus of attention from one aspect of the environment to another
divided attention -
focusing one's spotlight of awareness on more than one task at a time
perceptual processing -
organizing or interpreting information taken in through the senses
, good Gestalts -
Refers to a principle of Gestalt psychology that states that figures and patterns tend to be perceived
in the most stable ( or 'best') form as sensory input will allow
memory -
the means by which we draw on past knowledge that has been retained to use that knowledge in the
present (retrieval)
mneumonic device -
a technique or system used to assist the memory
encoding -
the act of processing information from our senses into memory, either by automatic processes or
intentional effort
storage -
the act of retaining information in the short-term or long-term memory following adequate
rehearsal
long-term memory -
information that has been rehearsed and scored in the brain and is retrievable over a long period of
time, sometimes over the span of a lifetime
retrieval -
calling up information stored in long-term memory so it may be used in the present
safety valve function -
using music to "let off steam," that is, to express deep-felt emotions or to speak out about societal
concerns
extramusical associations -
instances in which music produces thoughts, feelings, and sensations about things other than the
music itself; for example, when a trumpet call is recognized as a symbol for victory in battle
cultural convention -
a set of agreed upon or generally accepted social norms or standards of a given group of people
referentialist philosophy -
the philosophical belief that the meaning in music arises from connections the listener makes
between music and a nonmusical object or even
iconicity -
the imitation of a feeling, object, or event through the structural properties of an art form
isomorphism -
in Gestalt psychology, the principle that there is a parallel between Gestalt perception of a pattern
and the actual "experience" of the pattern structure in the brain. This term is sometimes used to refer to
structural characteristics of music that 'mimic' human emotions or behaviors
Flashcards
independent observer -
someone observing behavior alone in order to check the reliability of the measurement system; the
observer doesn't know what other observers are recording
automatic recording -
when an individual's behavior activates an electrical or mechanical apparatus which in turn makes a
record automatically
observational recording -
when an observer looks at a person's behavior and makes a record of what he or she sees or hears as
it occurs
antecedent -
something that occurs before the behavior of interest occurs or fails to occur
consequence -
anything that changes in the environment following the behavior
ABC recording -
stands for antecedent, behavior, consequence; purpose of this recording method is to identify
important behaviors and possible factors that are associated with their occurrence as well as possible
consequence that may maintain them
frequency counting/event recording -
an observer counts the number of discrete events of a certain class of behavior as they occur during
a given time
reliability/interscorer agreement -
calculated by having a second person independently record the behavior during several sessions for
each phase of the study
duration recording -
recording how long a behavior lasts
latency recording -
recording of how much time elapses between an event and a behavior
interval recording -
used where there are ongoing play or work behaviors; requires someone with no other
responsibility than to observe and record the behavior of interest; each observation session is divided
into equal periods and the observer then records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of behavior during
these intervals
,whole interval recording -
behavior persists throughout the entire interval in order to be scored for that interval
partial interval recording -
behavior is scored for an interval if it occurs at all during the period
baseline -
a pre-experimental record of a behavior
variability -
amount of day-to-day fluctuation in the behavior
AB design -
a two phase design; first phase (A) is a pre-experimental or baseline phase before experimental
manipulation. In the second phase (B), an experimental treatment is applied in an attempt to bring
about change in the behavior
Reversal Design -
steps used: Baseline 1: scientifically define and record the operant level of the behavior prior to the
institution of experimental conditions; experimental condition 1: after you are convinced that the
baseline data are sufficiently stable and that there is no compromising trend in the data, begin the
experimental procedures while continuing to record the amount of behavior; Baseline 2: withdraw the
experimental procedure. Return to the conditions that prevailed during baseline 1 and continue to the
measure the behavior; experimental condition 2: reinstate the experimental procedures. return to the
conditions that prevailed during the first experimental condition
sensorimotor development (ages newborn-2) -
children learn about the environment through their senses and through motor activity. Healthy
babies respond to their environment with sucking, mouthing objects, grasping, kicking, cooing, and
crying.
infant-directed speech -
speech that is typically slower, higher pitched, and has greater inlection
preoperational stage -
characterized by rapid language and conceptual growth; the child can use words as symbols to
represent objects and events in the environment rather than functioning solely through perceptual acts
parallel play -
children play next to one another, engaged in similar activities, but cooperation or interaction is rare
beat competency -
being able to maintain a steady beat
concrete operations (ages 7-11) -
can think systematically and solve problems mentally as long as the situation is related to
immediate reality (i.e. concrete situations common in their own experience)
,formal operations (age 11-adulthood) -
ability to think abstractly; people are able to grapple mentally with ideas outside their own realm of
existence
Merriam's functional domains of music -
music as an influence on physical response, music as a form of communication, music as a form of
emotional expression, music as symbolic representation, music to enforce conformity to social norms,
music to validate social institutions and religious rituals, music to contribute to the continuity and
stability of culture, music to contribute to the integration of society, music for aesthetic enjoyment, and
music for entertainment
ear canal (external auditory meatus) -
tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear; extends from the pinna to the ear drum
middle ear -
the part of the hearing mechanism that dampens sound from the ear canal and passes it on to the
inner ear; includes the tympanic membrane (eardrum ) and the ossicles
ossicles -
the three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) found in the middle ear that move in response to
acoustical energy transmitted by the tympanic membrane
cochlea -
a small snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains sensory receptors important in the
transmission of sound to the auditory nerve
auditory nerve -
the nerve fibers that carry sound information, in the form of electrochemical energy, from the inner
ear (cochlea) to the brain, where the information is processed
vibrotactile aid -
a mechanism that aids individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to detect and interpret the
vibration of sounds through the sense of touch
Attention -
the process of seeking out stimuli that are of interest
sustained attention -
the act of maintaining one's spotlight of attention on a particular task for an extended period
shifting attention -
continually changing one's focus of attention from one aspect of the environment to another
divided attention -
focusing one's spotlight of awareness on more than one task at a time
perceptual processing -
organizing or interpreting information taken in through the senses
, good Gestalts -
Refers to a principle of Gestalt psychology that states that figures and patterns tend to be perceived
in the most stable ( or 'best') form as sensory input will allow
memory -
the means by which we draw on past knowledge that has been retained to use that knowledge in the
present (retrieval)
mneumonic device -
a technique or system used to assist the memory
encoding -
the act of processing information from our senses into memory, either by automatic processes or
intentional effort
storage -
the act of retaining information in the short-term or long-term memory following adequate
rehearsal
long-term memory -
information that has been rehearsed and scored in the brain and is retrievable over a long period of
time, sometimes over the span of a lifetime
retrieval -
calling up information stored in long-term memory so it may be used in the present
safety valve function -
using music to "let off steam," that is, to express deep-felt emotions or to speak out about societal
concerns
extramusical associations -
instances in which music produces thoughts, feelings, and sensations about things other than the
music itself; for example, when a trumpet call is recognized as a symbol for victory in battle
cultural convention -
a set of agreed upon or generally accepted social norms or standards of a given group of people
referentialist philosophy -
the philosophical belief that the meaning in music arises from connections the listener makes
between music and a nonmusical object or even
iconicity -
the imitation of a feeling, object, or event through the structural properties of an art form
isomorphism -
in Gestalt psychology, the principle that there is a parallel between Gestalt perception of a pattern
and the actual "experience" of the pattern structure in the brain. This term is sometimes used to refer to
structural characteristics of music that 'mimic' human emotions or behaviors
