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Summary Gas exchange a level notes

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These notes helped me get into medical school, I completed my a levels at Guildford high school which consistently ranks among the top schools in the UK and is known for their academic rigour. I made these notes as a summary of the power points that we were taught off of.

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  • 25 de agosto de 2024
  • 1
  • 2024/2025
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Exchange
S Opecun
opening water contains 0 S% .
disolved oxygen at

buccal
30C
, as
you get deeper there is less




[
multicellular organisms need transport systems e

u
cavity photosynthetic plankton which decreases
O conc.
a
diffusion distance to
o o af
exchange surfaces as the
fish extract 80% of avalible Oxygen thanks to
the environment is too larg-
nN
~ S-
A




E
-
counter current flow




S n
W
-




C
an

...
mouth
-
blood water flow in


I
↳-

S
S&S&
GQ
S
-
Air sacs
low
high &G opposite directions
so that max Or can
gill arch
.




diffuse along gill plate along gill plate


To
I⑱ spiracles small pores w gill oesophagus
-
- are


&-...
----- 6 --- , -

E
-




W ...2&
·
1



I

&&"28
S values that control when the tracheal
(




g
&

z
- ,
j




L↳ por
&



y- - - -
S &


I don't
-




be ventilated
6

want to loose OX
system can mouth open, operculum closed
-




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S -


d
--
· .




-- A

I

=>
too much water) ·
buccal
cavity lowered to
↑ vol.
& -1
-




C& E
Spiracle &


-
-
pores (w values) ·
water rushes dow pressure grad. O O &
mouth closed e floor raised SS
-X
SSCS

·




%




·I
·
-

water from buccal cavity S

-
·
moves

as the insect moves muscles
,
contract pushing air
over
gills into the opercular
cavity so gifillaments

muse
from the air sacs
through the trache
·

operculum opens , water leaves

5
............
-




-ill > small amount of liquid at the base of tracheoles

I&XI /
-

&"I'll,ll
"




l
to minimise water loss from cells
I'll
IIII
active tissues, water moves into the cells
by
·
> in
-
Osmosis

because it is needed for respiration and water
potential is decreased due to increased lactic acid L

07DaBDOJDDDI07-D E waxy cuticle
WINJTJ]WINJ37338
epiderais


n
> this
-
leads to an increased surface area so that more O2 ↑

-




j-·
Og



z8008 ijpongng
diffuse in and CO2 out

0
can

haemoglobin 0000000
8
D
globular protein %:
e 800
Y


000000 ·
O




00
g
i
·


hydrophyllic chains face outwards so they are soluble of
*
&
·

Ierethrocyte contains 280 million molecules of hemoglobin con 2 0 0 02 0



F
each haem
carry oxygen atoms
2
group can
·



Stomata guard cen
2x units, 2 Bunits
-
·

W


Xerophytes dry conditions.
& qu
live in
body it turgid =
open


Fig
cells have low into cells
gS
partial pressure of On . moves
- - ·
=




& 00 E
&

7 L
↳ folds swell When there is
- S I ⑧ from the mother's haemoglobin rainfall
1 -
-
N
(will take




-
- & '
high
Bohr effect Exercise
S ↳ deep roots




Caturated
= G
C
+

I



-




Ja
-

affinity

Or
#
.
- Stomata can be sat in
-




·
CO2 disolves in blood, acidic ↑ CO2 jj j ↳ thick waxy cuticle
·
lower affinity for O2 #
dips to reduce water loss ↳ trichomes (hairs from epidermis
↓ pH
unloaded easily
· Or
8O
#
low as there is less air moument

SS in
F
>
Shift
& I⑤
-



affinity. O2
resting t.
Right shift curve
·

#
o

N

a
active t S-
O2 unloaded G "I


N
S
-
~
-
-------
-



C
f Ja<
· 8
&...........
gogoGG
S
- -



-




O
j
-
>
C
wi

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