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IB_BIOLOGYSYLLABUS2025_A.2.3_VIRUSES
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Unlock the Mysteries of Viruses with Our Ultimate Viral Biology Notes!
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IB_BIOLOGYSYLLABUS2025_A.2.3Key Features and Diversity of Viruses
1. Basic Features of All Viruses:
● Size: Viruses range from 20 nm to 500 nm in size, making them much smaller
than bacteria (1-10 μm) and eukaryotic cells (10-100 μm). Most viruses are
too small to be seen with light microscopy but can be observed with an
electron microscope.
● Genetic Material: All viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic
material, but not both. This genetic material can be single- or
double-stranded.
● Capsid: Every virus has a protein shell called a capsid that surrounds and
protects the genetic material.
● Lack of Cellular Structures: Viruses do not have cytoplasm or a plasma
membrane.
2. Diversity in Viral Structure:
● Capsid Structure:
○ Simple and spherical, like in the influenza virus.
○ Complex and multilayered, like in bacteriophages.
● Enveloped vs. Non-Enveloped:
○ Enveloped Viruses: Surrounded by a lipid and protein membrane
acquired from the host cell, which helps in protection and evading the
immune system (e.g., HIV, influenza).
○ Non-Enveloped Viruses: Have only a protein capsid as their outer
layer and may be more stable against environmental factors (e.g.,
norovirus, adenovirus).
3. Viral Genomes:
● Single-stranded RNA: Examples include HIV, influenza, coronaviruses.
● Double-stranded RNA: Example includes rotaviruses.
● Single-stranded DNA: Example includes parvovirus.
● Double-stranded DNA: Examples include bacteriophage lambda, variola
virus, herpesviruses.
4. Genome Size and Complexity:
● Viral genomes can range from as few as four genes to as many as 2,500
genes in some giant viruses. This diversity contrasts with the human genome,
which contains around 20,500 genes.
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