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Knowledge for Nursing Practice BNKN602 Questions and Answer | Latest Update 2024/2025

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V/Q mismatch ~~> Ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) is a ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables = ventilation (V) and perfusion (P) Mechanical insufficiency ~~> Structural damage- Nervous System (alter resp rate and depth), Muscles (A...

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1 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+




Knowledge for Nursing Practice
BNKN602 Questions and Answer |
Latest Update 2024/2025
V/Q mismatch


✓ ~~> Ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) is a ratio used to assess

the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables =

ventilation (V) and perfusion (P)




Mechanical insufficiency


✓ ~~> Structural damage- Nervous System (alter resp rate and depth),

Muscles (Abdo, intercoastal, diaphragm- (impact intrathoracic vol=

dec pressure to exchange air), Airway obstruction- physiological and

foreign objects (inflammation, obstructions) Medication- CNS

Depressant.




functional insufficiency




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 2 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+


✓ ~~> Affecting gas exchange- Cardiac comprimise (reducing ability

to carry o2 due to reduce Cardiac output), PE (decreased pul

perfusion), HB (oxygen carried on HB), Tumor, Infection (fill alveolar

space increasing diffusion distance), COPD (Compliance- decreased

stretch and expand, Resistance of resp tract during inspiration and

exhalation, surface area- loss of surfactant decrease surface area for

gas exchange)




Bronchodilators


✓ ~~> Short acting Relievers- 4-6 hrs, rapid onset 5-10 min, acute

asthma attack, salbutamol+ Terbutaline. Long acting- 12 hrs, slow

onset, not for acute symptoms, salmeterol+Eformoteril.




Inhaled Corticosteroids


✓ ~~> potent anti-inflammatory agents, inhalation prevents system

adverse effects, Flucticasone+Beclomethasone, prevents

hypersensitiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to irritants, taken

continuously.




Ventricular Tachycardia


✓ ~~> Absence of P waves. QRS complex is wide and fast




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 3 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+


Ventricular Fibrillation


✓ ~~> rapid disorganised contraction of the ventricles




Two key points in relation to identifying Atrial Fibrillation


✓ ~~> •Atrial Fibrillation (AF) - completely disorganised atrial electrical

activity

•Impulses arise from the SA node and other sites in the atria


•Conduction through the AV node is irregular and usually fast


•There are no P waves and it is irregular


•Instead of a P wave - it has uneven fibrillatory lines (F waves) before the QRS

complex




What are the two categories of cardiovascular disease prevention?


✓ ~~> Modifiable (Being overweight or obese, Smoking)

Non- Modifiable (Having a family history of early heart disease,Having a

history of preeclampsia during pregnancy, Age)




Rheumatic Fever




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

, 4 | P a g e | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+


✓ ~~> Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that results from a

Group A Streptococcus. If untreated, it may develop into rheumatic

heart disease and go onto damage the heart → valve/s may need to

be replaced




Coronary artery disease (CAD)


✓ ~~> angina, myocardial infarction




Angina


✓ ~~> •Angina is the symptom of reversible myocardial ischaemia

•It occurs due to a stable lesion / plaque in the coronary artery




Myocardial Infarction


✓ ~~> •Results from sustained ischaemia or sudden complete

blockage of the coronary artery

•Myocardial tissue distal to the obstruction dies


•Can be partial thickness (NSTEMI) or full thickness (transmural) (STEMI)




Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)




Master01 | September, 2024/2025 | Latest update

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