These are IGCSE notes for chemistry (0620). Includes:
-separation techniques
-acid base reactions
-group 1 elements
-group 7 elements
-crude oil separation
-alkane reactions
-alkene reactions
-alcohol reactions
-polymers
-water treatment and air pollutants
-flue gas desulfurization
-...
,·
chromatography · rin
Chemistry ·
crystallization
-
-> pencil is used to
->
insolvable solid
->
undissolved solid from
draw base line Filter
paper is
placed solution
->
substance to be in filter funnel above solution is heated
-> ->
tested is puton beaker allowing solvent
to
baseline
->
mixture of insolvable evaporate and leave
is lowered into solid E liquid is
poured saturated solution behind
-> paper
container with solvent into fitter funnel To test ifsolution is
->
rod
Ibaseline should be solid particles will saturated, dip glass saturate
a
a
above solvent) be too large to If crystals form, solution is n
solvent travels will saturated solution allowed
-> up pass so they ->
is
the paper remain (residue) to cool.
-> substances with higher ->
as solubility, crystals
solubility travel further crystals are filtered
->
ifsubstances washed distilled M.G
->
are the
-> using
same, they produce -> allowed dry
to
same chromatogram
distance moved by
R -
compound
distance moved by
solvent
, · Distillation · Titration ·
Precipitation
find out Reaction
-> liquid from solvable
-> to conc
solid Fill a burette with acid cations anions
->
+
->
->
Solution is heated to
->
use pipette to add alkali in an aqueous solution
produce vapour to conical flash form insolvable solid
-> vapour passes through ->
Add indicator to alkali I precipitates
condenser, turning liquid Slowly add acid two solutions of
-> &
once all solution is
stop adding acid once solvable substances
-> ->
evaporated, solid is indicator colour mixed in a
changes are
leftbehind ->
Record titre beaker
7 the precipitate is
-
EdAlkali
I
· Fractional Distillation filtered out
mixture of liquids
Blue litmus Red Blue filtered precipitate is
-> -
Solution is heated to Bed litmus Red Blue washed with
->
thatwill
temp bail the
methyl orange Pink yellow pure water
substance with lowest
b.p Phenolphthalien colourless pink
->
solvable salt
-> vapour passes through thymophthalien colourless Blue scraped
is off
condenser, turning liquid Filter paper
this is done H20 (present) dryed
->
again
colled ·
to
liquids with
Anhydrous Copper ("):white - blue
sulphate
higher bip
cobalt (I) chloride:blue-> pinn
I
.
L
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