A cheat sheet/ summary of social influences containing AO1 and AO3 information giving strengths and weaknesses. This covers: explanations of conformity, Asch, Milgram and psychological factors of obedience. I received an A grade in my psychology Alevel
Explanations of conformity Asch Milgram Psychological factors of obedience
*Normative social influence = want *Tested compliance and majority *Tested obedience in a lab *agentic state =
to be liked, emotional process. When person acts on behalf of
influence in a lab setting setting authority figure of higher status, does
happens around strangers & leads *123 American male students, *40 male participants paid not take responsibility for actions as
to compliance.
each tested with 6-8 (teacher) & two confederates they’re acting for someone else
*Informational social influence =
confederates (learner & experimenter) *autonomous state = responsible for
want to be right, cognitive process. own actions
happens in new situations & leads *perception test, identify length *learner answers memory test
*agentic shift =
to internalisation. of standard line questions & shocked every time When someone changes from
*Compliance = *12/18 trials, confederates said it was wrong autonomous to agentic state
Publicly agreeing but privately wrong answer *pp prodded to shock learner in *legitimacy of authority =
disagreeing 15 volt increments When person recognises their own &
*Internalisation = *75% conformed at least one, *12.5% stopped at 300v, 65% other’s position in social hierarchy,
legitimacy is increased using visual
Permanent change of opinion, 37% conformed every time shocked full 450v symbols like uniform.
without group presence. Publicly &
privately agreeing
+ NSI = Asch. found that participants would + good internal validity/lab =strict + good external validity = Hofflings + research support = students
state incorrect answer when surrounded by control over extraneous variables nurses – 95% or nurses obeyed blamed experimenter rather than
group of strangers. interviewed, stated that
reason why was bc wanting to be liked by - cultural bias = smith & bond = doctor over the phone to increase pp. because of legitimacy of
group. support idea of NSI being reason for conformity rates higher in dosage of a patient’s medicine to authority. Recognised legitimate
conformity. collectivist cultures, Fiji high levels double what is advised. Milgram’s authority as cause of obedience
- NSI = individual differences not considered, of conformity, Belgium low levels can generalise - obedience alibi = agentic shift
nAffiliators test = McGhee & Teevan found
students who were nAffiliators were more
- temporal validity = perrin & - ethical issues = deception, harm, cannot account for behaviour of the
likely to conform. Assumes everyone is spencer criticised as 1950’s were right to withdraw. Cost/benefit Nazis – gives people an excuse e.g.
affected by NSI the same way but are not conformist time in America. - lack internal validity = demand german reserve police shot civilians
engineering students in 1980 only characteristics, guessed shocks were without being given direct orders to
+ ISI = Lucas et al. difficult maths questions, found 1/396 conforming result fake + research support = plane crash
more conformity to answers when problems
were difficult & people with low confidence - ethical issues = pps were deceived +good external validity = French study
- ISI = Perrin & Spencer engineering students however cost should be weighed game show, pps paid to give electric - low ecological validity = Hofling’s
= less conformity bc they have more with benefit of the study shock to actors, 80% gave max 450v, nurses should have shown anxiety
knowledge & more confident supports findings
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