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NURS 8022 Exam 2
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NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2NURS 8022 Exam 2

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  • 26 de septiembre de 2024
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NURS 8022 Exam 2
1. Apoferritin

2. Hemosiderin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Ferritin without attached iron - (precursor to ferritin)



2. Ferritin micelles (very small cells) - the storage form of ferritin ▪ Normal in small amounts in spleen,
liver, bone marrow

▪ Can be pathophysiological in large amounts (lung, subcutaneous tissue)



1. Endotoxin vs. 2. Exotoxin - ANSWER✅✅✅1. Contained in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria
and released during lysis of bacteria

-- Pyrogenic bacteria: activate inflammation and produce fever



2. Enzymes released during growth

-- Damages cell membranes, activates second messengers, inhibits protein synthesis



Active bone marrow sites - ANSWER✅✅✅pelvic bones

vertebrae

cranium

mandible

sternum

ribs

humerus

femur



Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Natural exposure to foreign antigens (i.e
immunization); slow onset, long-lived



Passive: preformed antibodies from another host (i.e maternal antibodies passed through placenta to
fetus); rapid onset, short-lived




NURS 8022 Exam 2

,NURS 8022 Exam 2
Adaptive Immunity

- Third line of defense - ANSWER✅✅✅More sophisticated/specific, less players, inducible, slower



Destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation



Long-term highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganisms



Products: immunoglobulins (antibodies), lympocytes (T-cells, B-cells)



ADP - ANSWER✅✅✅Prothrombotic

▪ Platelet activation

▪ Stimulate shape change into spiny shape "sticky" to allow for aggregation



Agranulocytes - ANSWER✅✅✅Lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells



No granules



Alcohol Induced Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Large, immature RBCs



- Alcohol interferes with absorption of folic acid (megaloblastic); hbg synthesis (sideroblastic anemia);
erythropoiesis (macrocytosis)



- Anemia reverses with abstinence from alcohol within weeks - self limiting



Alloimmunity - ANSWER✅✅✅Immune reaction to tissues of another individual



Anemia of chronic disease - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias




NURS 8022 Exam 2

,NURS 8022 Exam 2
- Most common in elderly



- Begins as normocytic and progresses to microcytic when advanced



- Likely due to inflammation



- Findings: decreased TIBC, elevated ferritin; (more ferritin/less transferrin)



** Bone marrow can distinguish between IDA and ACD **



Anisocytosis

Poikilocytosis - ANSWER✅✅✅Variation in RBC size

Variation in RBC shape



Anthrax - ANSWER✅✅✅Bioweapon



Microorganism responsible: gram + spore-forming aerobic rod Bacillus anthracis



CM: Prodromal symptoms then brief period of improvement followed by rapid onset of high fever,
severe respiratory distress, shock and death within 24-36 hours



Aplastic Anemia - ANSWER✅✅✅Type of Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias



Red bone marrow is replaced with fat; results in pancytopenia because there are less hematopoietic
cells



Most often caused by autoimmune



S&S: hypoxemia, pallor, weakness, dyspnea, fever

NURS 8022 Exam 2

, NURS 8022 Exam 2

Diagnose via bone marrow biopsy



B Cells - ANSWER✅✅✅• Made in bone marrow; activated B cells create plasma cells which turn into
antibodies



• Responsible for humoral immunity that is mediated by circulating antibodies



• Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses



▪ Produce memory cells - able to respond more rapidly and efficiently



Bacterial infection - ANSWER✅✅✅Gram-negative vs gram-positive



Attach through pili - various transmission routes - result In direct confrontation with individual's defense
mechanisms



Basophils - ANSWER✅✅✅(<1%)



Granulocyte



▪ Contain histamine

▪ Increase in: sites of allergic inflammatory reactions, parasitic infection - exoparasites (ticks)

▪ Secrete inflammatory mediators; contribute to local inflammatory response



Bioweapons - ANSWER✅✅✅Anthrax

Botulism

Plague

Smallpox

NURS 8022 Exam 2

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