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CogSci 200 Final, FINAL EXAM (COGSCI 200) Questions and Answers
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CogSci 200 Final, FINAL EXAM (COGSCI200) Questions and Answers
consequentialist view of rationality - Answers -performing actions that achieve the best
outcomes (that maximize utility).
functional level - Answers -problem the capacity is supposed to solve
algorithmic level - Answers -procedures that enable the problem to be solved
physical level - Answers -the neural/chemical substrates in which the procedures are
implemented
representativeness heuristic - Answers -a heuristic in which judgments of probability are
made on the basis assessments of similarity
conjunction fallacy - Answers -example of a square being occupied by "Linda's"
probable jobs and hobbies.
conjunction fallacy and base rate neglect - Answers -representativeness heuristic leads
to __________ and ____________
availability heuristic - Answers -a heuristic in which judgments of frequency or
proportion are made by the ease with which examples come to mind
affect heuristic - Answers -a heuristic in which a host of complex judgments are made
on the basis of quick affecti ve "gut" reactions
framing effect - Answers -the finding that people react to a particular choice in different
ways depending on how it is presented
doctrine of double effect - Answers -It is permissible to cause a foreseen but unintended
harm as a side effect(or "double effect") of bringing about a good end, even though it
would not be permissible to cause such a harm as a means to bringing about the same
good end.
intutition - Answers -this system of heuristics and biases are fast and effortless
reasoning - Answers -this system of heuristics and biases are slow and effortful
,Kahneman's view - Answers -reasoning (system 2) monitoring is very lax. EX: baseball
and bat problem
John Locke - Answers -he believed that none of the mind is modular
Popular view - Answers -the mind has central cognition as well as modules
evolutionary view - Answers -these theorists believe nearly the entire mind is modular
representativeness heuristic example - Answers -Linda the bank teller
availability heuristic example - Answers -words with "N" in the first position versus third
position example
affect heuristic example - Answers -buying stock in Ford without doing a ton of research
framing effects example - Answers -Asian disease example
neuroeconomics - Answers -an emerging field that brings together the mathematical
models drawn from economics and neuroscientific methods that are well-suited for
illuminating brain mechanisms
striatum - Answers -a major component of the basal ganglia. Involved in processing
rewards and punishments and in action control
thalamus - Answers -involved in relaying sensory information from sensory cortices to
other regions
amygdala - Answers -involved in processing emotions, especially fear
striatum - Answers -brain structure that represents the rewardingness of outcomes
ventral tegmental area - Answers -neurons here behave like a prediction error signal, so
they represent the prediction error signal from the TDL algorithm
ventral medial prefrontal cortex - Answers -represents the value function from the Q
learning algorithm
affective gut reactions - Answers -_____ ______ ______ correspond to Q values and
they are represented in ventral medial prefrontal cortex
cocktail party effect - Answers -illustrates the ability to selectively focus on one among
multiple stimuli
overt attention - Answers -refers to where the subject is directing their senses EX:
where they are pointing their pupils
, covert attention - Answers -what we are interested in; it is the set of mental processes
that selectively enhance targeted stimuli
early selection attention theory - Answers -the "gate" closes after the sensory input,
letting only certain inputs be percieved
late selection attention theory - Answers -attention is filtered after the sensory input has
been percieved
dichotic listening task - Answers -a person listens to two different sources of speech in
headphones, then must report what is going on in a channel at a given time
flexible selection attention theory - Answers -attention operates at multiple points along
the processing hierarchy depending on the task and the person's goals
voluntary attention - Answers -top-down voluntary allocation EX: cocktail party effect
stimulus driven attention - Answers -bottom-up automatic allocation EX: visual pop-out
effect
working memory - Answers -allows temporary storage and processing of information
that isn't perceptually present
central executive - Answers -active processing component of working memory.
Add/subtracts items and "manipulates" the contents of working memory
forward digit span - Answers -only requires storage
backward digit span - Answers -requires both storage and processing
phonological loop - Answers -temporary storage of verbal material in an auditory code.
It works like a (limited capacity) tape recorder
articulatory interference effect - Answers -Subjects are auditorially presented with a list
of words. After a delay, they are asked to say the words in order. During the delay, one
group sits quietly. The other group is asked to say some unrelated words.
visuo-spatial sketchpad - Answers -temporary storage of visuo-spatial material
corsi block forward - Answers -only requires storage (VSS0
corsi block backwards - Answers -requires both storage (VSS) and processing (CE)
problem with maximize objective value - Answers -can't handle probabilities
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