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OCR A Level History AY317/01 China and its Rulers 1839–1989 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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OCR A Level History AY317/01 China and its Rulers 1839–1989 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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  • 10 de noviembre de 2024
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Thursday 23 May 2024 – Morning
A Level History A
Y317/01 China and its Rulers 1839–1989
Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes




Turn over

, 2

SECTION A

Read the two passages and answer Question 1.


1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages.

Explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of the consequences of the Boxer
Uprising. [30]


Passage A

Once the international force had reached Beijing it had little difficulty in breaking the siege of the
legations and crushing the Boxers. Cixi and the Emperor fled south to Xian.

The Western occupiers imposed severe penalties. China had to pay reparations. Arsenals and
fortifications were destroyed, and foreign troops were permanently stationed on the approaches to
Beijing. The Manchu dynasty was allowed to continue, but events had destroyed what little power it
had held.

The failure of the Boxer Uprising was a profound humiliation for the imperial court. When the Emperor
and Cixi were allowed to return to Beijing it was an inglorious affair. There was little popular sympathy
for the Manchus. Those Chinese who believed in the right of their nation to be free of foreign control
found it increasingly difficult to perceive of the royal government as the source of liberation.

In an attempt to sustain the dynasty’s flagging fortunes, Cixi was prepared to countenance the
reintroduction of the reforms which she had previously so vehemently opposed. Constitutional and
administrative changes were introduced. The intention behind the reforms was clear - to rally support
for the imperial government - but the results were not always as intended. The belated attempt of
the Manchus to present themselves as reformers was unconvincing. Chinese progressives saw the
reforms as grudgingly granted by a conservative government.

M. Lynch, China: From Empire to Peoples Republic 1900–49, published in 2010.

, 3

Passage B

Eighteen thousand foreign troops were making their way from Tianjin to the capital, battling imperial
troops and Boxers as they advanced. Towns and villages were torched and tens of thousands of
civilians killed. The allied troops entered Beijing on 14 August with a vengeance. Cixi and the Court
fled to Xian, and so it was the ordinary people of Beijing who felt the fury of the invasion. Russian
and French soldiers massacred Chinese civilians. There are things that I must not write and that may
not be printed in England, which would seem to show that this Western civilisation of ours is merely
a veneer over savagery, noted the British journalist, George Lynch, who witnessed the occupation.
In spite of the criticism of foreign behaviour in China, it was the Boxers and the Qing Court that
almost all outsiders (and a fair number of urban Chinese) blamed for the disasters of the summer
of 1900. More fully than any event before it, the Boxer war had placed China outside the Western-
led international system, a rogue state, the centre of a 1900 axis of evil that incorporated resistance
against colonial domination everywhere. The foreign diktat imposed on China, the so-called Boxer
Protocols, signed in September 1901, in effect made China a ward of the allied powers that had
intervened against her. The Qing had become hostage to the political and economic interests of the
West and Japan.

Odd Arne Westad, Restless Empire, published in 2013.




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