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A Level Sociology Paper 3 - Crime and Deviance Study Guide Exam And Actual Answers. 10,37 €   Añadir al carrito

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A Level Sociology Paper 3 - Crime and Deviance Study Guide Exam And Actual Answers.

  • Grado
  • A-LEVEL SOCIOLOGY
  • Institución
  • A-LEVEL SOCIOLOGY

clinard - Answer should be reserved for behaviour that is so disapproved of that the community find it impossible to tolerate deviance - Answer subjective, and culturally determined - cultures changed over time and very between societies normative definition of deviance (conform) - Answ...

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  • 17 de noviembre de 2024
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A Level Sociology Paper 3 - Crime and
Deviance Study Guide Exam And Actual
Answers.
clinard - Answer should be reserved for behaviour that is so disapproved of that the community find it
impossible to tolerate



deviance - Answer subjective, and culturally determined - cultures changed over time and very
between societies



normative definition of deviance (conform) - Answer refers to actions which differ from the accepted
standards of society - consists of the violation of social norms



Durkheim - Answer "every society shares a set of core values"

no society has complete behavioural conformity



relativistic definition of deviance (conflict) - Answer the basis of society is a diversity of values - not
consensus

society far too complex

conflicts in interest

values in constant change of state



dynamic process - Answer 1. labelling/ interactionist

2. conflict

the dominant values are the outcome of the struggle



functionalism - Answer - society based on consensus values

- ensures social solidarity

- 2 functions: socialisation and social control

,Durkheim on crime and deviance - Answer "crime is normal... an integral part of all healthy societies"

- crime inevitable and universal

- due to inadequate socialisation or anomie (the collapse of the collective conscious - modern society
rules less clear cut due to increased individuality)



boundary maintenance (Durkheim) - Answer - crime produces a reaction that unites members by
condemning wrongdoing and reinforcing values and social solidarity



boundary maintenance (Cohen) - Answer - media creates moral panics (exaggerated over reaction by
society), which enlarges problem out of proportion to real seriousness

- media identifies a group as a 'folk devil' (threat)



adaption and change (Durkheim) - Answer - crime starts with an act of deviance from individuals with
new ideas that have been suppressed e.g. racism

- neither very high or low levels desirable

- too much threatens bonds of society apart

- too little means society controlling its members too much, preventing freedom and change



Davis - function of crime (safety valve) - Answer prostitution a safety valve for releasing mens sexual
frustrations without threatening nuclear family



Polsky - function of crime - Answer pornography safely 'channels' sexual desire away from alternatives
e.g. adultery



Cohen - function of crime - Answer warning institution not working



functionalists - function of crime - Answer - boundary maintenance

- adaption and change

,Erikson - function of crime - Answer - manages and regulates deviance rather than eradicate it entirely
e.g. police

- festivals e.g. license misbehaviour that may be punished in other contexts

- young may be given leeway to 'sow their wild oats' - a way of coping with strains of transition to
adulthood



criticisms of functionalism - Answer - only say why crime exists, not how it came to be

- society doesn't make crime with intention to strengthen society

- ignores how crime may affect different groups e.g. what about perpetrator

- doesn't always promote solidarity



subcultural theory of crime - Answer - deviance a product of a delinquent subculture with different
values from those of mainstream society

- these provide an alternative opportunity for the who are denied the chance to achieve by legitimate
means



A.K. Cohen: status frustration (subcultural) - Answer - agrees with Merton: deviance mostly wc
phenomenon

- results from inability to achieve goals by legitimate means

- however, not an individual phenomenon or focuses on utilitarian crime

- focuses on wc boys as face anomie in mc world

- cultural deprivation - lack of skills to achieve



Alternative status hierarchy (subcultural) - Answer - values spite and hostility for those outside of it

- inverts values of mainstream society e.g. truancy at school

- offers boys ways to achieve

- explains non-utilitarian deviance e.g. vandalism

- ignores possibility of not sharing mainstream views in first place



Cloward and Ohlin: three subcultures - Answer - agree with Cohen: wc denied legitimate opportunities

, - not everyone wants to innovate: different subcultures act differently

- unequal access to legitimate and illegitimate means

- different neighbourhoods offer different illegitimate opportunities

- results in three subcultures



Cloward and Ohlin: criminal subculture - Answer - provides apprenticeship for career in utilitarian
crime

- only in neighbourhoods with longstanding, stable criminal subcultures with established hierarchy of
professionals

- learn from adult criminals



Cloward and Ohlin: conflict subculture - Answer - areas of high population turnover making for high
levels of social disorganisation

- loosely organised gangs and violence release frustration by winning 'turf'



Cloward and Ohlin: Retreatist subculture - Answer - double failures: cannot make legitimate or
illegitimate means

- retreat to drug use



Shaw and Mckay: cultural transmission theory - Answer criminal culture transmitted from generation
to generation



Sutherland: differential association theory - Answer deviance learnt through social interaction with
those who are already socially deviant



Park and Burgess: social disorganisation theory - Answer rapid change in society causes instability and
poor social control



Cloward and Ohlin - critiques - Answer - too deterministic

- ignores wider power structures

- South: can be more than one subculture

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