AP Government Politics and Policies (Chapters 8 & 11)
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Grado
AP Government
Institución
Junior / 11th Grade
This document provides an in-depth spread of notes covering a AP Government textbook. They discuss political participation, and federal vs. state voting control. These notes cover the concept of federal bureaucracy and problems, checks, and reform.
Learning Objective: Write Answers / Notes / Definitions / Examples
in Question Form
Political Participation -The different ways that people take part in politics and government
8.1 A Close Look at Voting age population: Citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the
Nonvoting minimum age requirement (US =18)
Voting eligible population: Citizens who have reached the minimum age to
be eligible to vote, excluding those who are not legally permitted to cast a
ballot.
*The most amount of people get registered at the DMV>> second most
doesn’t know or refused to register
*33 states and the District of Columbia permit the people to cast in-person
ballots prior to Election Day.
From State to Federate Literacy Test: A requirement that citizens show that they can read before
Control registering to vote
Poll tax: A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
White primary: The practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern
states’ primaries.
8.2 Who Participates in -Involved in a campaigne
Politics -Volunteer to staff a phone bank
-Participate in a get-out-the-vote drive
-Write a check to a candidate or party
-Rallies
8.3 What drives -Being mobilized
Participation? -*People vote because they were asked
-Participation is habit forming
8.4 Political Campaignes Caucus: A meeting of party followers in which party delegates are selected.
today Momentum: When a candidate wins (especially an upset win). They tend to
do better than expected in future contests, sometimes also called the
, bandwagon effect.
8.5 How does the Campaigne Retrospective voting: voting for a candidate because you like his or her past
Matter? actions in office
Prospective voting: voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas
for handling issues.
*The retrospective effect is so strong taht political scientists can use the
fundamentals to predict election outcomes well before the campaign.
-Valence issue: An issue on which everyone agrees but the question is
whether or not the candidate embraces that view
-Positional issues: An issue in which rival candidates have opposing views
but that also divides the voters.
8.6 How do Voters Learn -Campaigns lead voters to decide the candidates and how they could
About the Candidates? potentially act as a leader/political figure
-Campaigne events (debates)
8.7 Congressional Elections -incumbent: The person already holding an elective office
Incumbency advantage: The tendency of incumbents to do better than
otherwise similar challengers, especially on congressional elections.
-Gerrymandering: Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre
or unusual shapes to favor one party.
8.8 Campaigne Finance Sources of campaign money: public funding
Rules: PACS (Political Action Committees)
Legislative changes>> independent expenditures : spending by political
action committees
8.9 The Effects of Elections ● Public policy remains the same no matter who or when someone is
on Policy office
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