Full A Level Philosophy Epistemology 5 mark Questions And Already Passed Answers.
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A Level Philosophy
Explain the difference between ability, acquaintance and propositional knowledge - Answer There are 3 types of knowledge to encompass what exactly knowledge is concerned with. Ability knowledge is concerned with knowing how to do something, ie; how to tie your shoelace. This type of knowledge do...
Full A Level Philosophy Epistemology 5
mark Questions And Already Passed
Answers.
Explain the difference between ability, acquaintance and propositional knowledge - Answer There are 3
types of knowledge to encompass what exactly knowledge is concerned with. Ability knowledge is
concerned with knowing how to do something, ie; how to tie your shoelace. This type of knowledge
does not require cognitive contact with reality. Whereas both Acquaintance knowledge and
propositional knowledge does have 'cognitive contact with reality'. Acquaintance knowledge is about
knowing something well (to be familiar with it-based on direct contact with the subject through
experience). This could be like 'knowing a place or person well'. Lastly Propositional knowledge is
concerned with declarative statement that declares that something is the case in the world - S (the
subject) knows that P (the proposition)
Explain the view that belief is not a necessary condition for knowledge - Answer In the tripartite
definition of knowledge a necessary condition of you knowing that p is that you believe it. One strength
of this is that cannot know something to be true if you don't believe in it since it would be incoherent to
say, 'I know that it is raining, but I don't believe it is'. However some philosophers such as Plato argue
that knowledge and belief are two distinct things since each can exist without the other. Plato takes the
infalliblist approach. It is argued that you can believe something but not know if it is or is not true. For
example, if you haven't revised for your history test so you guess the answer and it is correct, it would be
argued that despite believing it was the correct answer, it was a lucky belief as you didn't actually know if
it was correct. Belief has hesitation whereas knowledge involves no hesitation. In other world knowledge
is certain and belief is uncertain. Furthermore, people often speak as if knowledge and belief are distinct
('I don't believe I will win, I know I will'). So, knowledge is about going beyond belief.
Explain the tripartite definition of knowledge - Answer JTB is the tripartite definition of knowledge
which suggests that knowledge be a justified true belief. These three conditions together are sufficient.
Furthermore, is you know some propositions, you fulfil exactly these three conditions. In other words, if
you know p then you have a justified true belief of that p and there is no further analysis needed for
knowledge, so each claim is a necessary condition. Therefore, JTB are necessary and sufficient condition
of knowledge that p. The belief condition says that a necessary condition for your knowing that p is that
you believe that p. In other words, you must believe that the proposition is true. However, it can be
argued that belief or even a true belief is not a sufficient enough condition for something to be
knowledge. For instance, If your 3 year old nephew told you factsa bout sharks, and you believed it and
they were true is still would be knowledge because it has come from an unreliable source, it is not
justified. It is a lucky true belief. As a consequence JTB would argue that these consideration of not
needing truth or belief are not knowledge since JTB are all needed as components to define Knowledge.
, Explain the NFL and NFA conditions - Answer The tripartite definition of Knowledge is that its justified,
true and belief (JTB). It suggests that you know some proposition, p; if p is true, you believe in p and p is
justified. However, the Gettier cases an objection to this definition as these are cases where someone
has a justified, true belief however it is not Knowledge. For example, in the case of Smith and Jones
applying for the same job. In this case Smith claims that he knows that Jones will get the job as he
overheard the boss say it. Smith also know that Jones has 10 coins in his pocket, from this Smith has
deduces that the person with 10 Coins in their pocket will get the job. However, Jones doesn't get the
Job, Smith does, and Smith also has 10 coins in his pocket. This would be described as a justified true
belief however it would be argued that it is not knowledge because it was just luck. Therefore, a fourth
condition must be added which is no false lemmas. This suggest that you must not infer p from a false
belief. This solves the issues the Gettier case causes because Smith did in fact infer from false belief
which would be that Jones will get the Job. This false belief causes what Smith claims to not be
Knowledge because Jones does not get the Job. However, this definition has its own problems, for
example with the stopped clock where the clock only shows 12 o'clock and hasn't worked for many
years. And you see it and you believe that it is now 12 o'clock unbeknownst to you that it does work. But
by luck it is actually 12 o'clock. this is a justified, true belief and you haven't inferred from a false belief
however it is still not knowledge; therefore, a fifth condition must be added which is no false
assumptions. Once this condition is added therefore it can be agreed that you knowing that it is 12
o'clock is not knowledge because you have assu
Explain infallibilism as a definition of knowledge - Answer infallibalism claims that we should
distinguish belief from knowledge. It claims that knowledge is not a kind of belief , it's is a separate thing.
Gettier styles counter examples rely on cases where the believer seems to have a reasonable justification
for their belie, but where there is a large element of luck involved in their belief being a true belief .
Therefore infallibility solves this problem by only counting something as knowledge as something we
cannot rationally doubt
Explain VE as a definition of knowledge - Answer Virtue epistemology as a definition of knowledge that
replaces the "justified" with an account of epistemic virtue (V+T+B). It claims that you know that p if: p is
true; you believe that p and your belief is the result of you exercising your intellectual virtues.
Intellectual virtues refer to excellences of character of the knower. So this definition seeks to justify
knowledge in terms of the intellectual virtues of the knower. An act of knowledge occurs when the belief
is successful (it is true) and where it's success stems from intellectual virtue (so is not, for example, just
luckily true). Knowledge is a belief that has been formed as a result of an intellectual virtue being
employed. This can be understood as a particular intellectual skill (tendency to use reliable processes) or
ability or trait that contributes to getting the truth. Another way to explain this definition is use Sosa's
illustration. Sosa stated that knowledge requires the 3 A's which were Accuracy: Did the arrow hit the
target? Which means Is the belief true? Adroitness: Was the arrow shot well? Which means is the true
belief formed from intellectual virtues Aptness: Did the arrow hit the target because it was shot well?
Which means is the belief true because the person used their intellectual virtues in forming it? So
according to Sosa, knowledge is apt belief-a belief that is true as a result of virtuous intellectual activity.
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