Complete notes answers for each learning outcome as given on the MYP exam that covers every single unit with diagrams, case studies, and examples. Helped me to get a 7 on the exam.
TOPIC 1: POPULATION
all the inhabitants of a particular town, area or country
key terms
• population explosion: a sudden, large increase in the size of a population.
• population density: the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square km); the number of people
relative to the space occupied by them in a region/country/area, people
• population distribution: the arrangement or spread of people living in a given area; also, how the population of
an area is arranged according to variables such as age, race, or sex
sparsely populated: population is sparse or thin. [deserts, areas with extreme climates]
densely populated: population in dense or thick. [Monaco, Maldives, Vatican City.]
moderately populated: population is medium compared to area
• aging population: increasing median age in the population of a region due to declining fertility rates and/or
rising life expectancy
• population change: (births – deaths) + (immigrants – emigrants) = population change.
• sustainable population: one whose growth and development is at a rate that does not threaten the success of
future generations
• birth rate: total number of live births per 1,000 population a year [crude]
• death rate: number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time
• growth rate: number of people added/subtracted to a population in a year due to natural increase/net
migration [%]
exponential growth: a pattern where the growth rate constantly increases
• natural increase/decrease: the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths during
the year. the natural increase (or natural decrease) is negative when the number of deaths exceeds the number
of births.
[RNI] natural increase ratio: crude birth rate – crude death rate = % [divide by 10]
• infant mortality rate: the number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live births. the rate for
a given region is the number of children dying under one year of age, divided by the number of live births
during the year, multiplied by 1,000
• family planning: the practice of controlling the number of children one has and the intervals between their
births, particularly by means of contraception or voluntary sterilization.
• life expectancy: average age a person is expected to live in a particular area
• dependent population: number of people who are not economically active and providing to society [15-65+,
children, teenagers, elderly/retired]
dependency ratio: (% under 15)+(% over 65)
% between 15 & 64 x100
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
LEDCs are thinner at the top because people
in the LEDC’s don’t live as long and wider at
the base because more kids in that age group
are born
MEDCs have more elderly people live above
age of 75 because there’s more medical care/
healthy and safe lifestyle, less children
compared to LEDC because of birth control
and family planning, women live longer than
men because they don’t work as much
[youthful and ageing population]
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
MODEL
the DTM shows population change over time. it
studies how birth rate and death rate affect the
total population of a country. it is a graphical
representation showing death rate, birth rate and
total population as part of economic development
of a country (from pre-industrialized to
industrialized). it has five stages:
1. high stationary: total population is low but it is
balanced due to high birth rates
and high death rates.
2. early expanding: total population rises as
death rates fall due to improvements in
health care and sanitation. birth rates remain high.
3. late expanding: total population is still rising rapidly. the gap between birth and
death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due to
the mechanization of farming. the natural increase is high.
4. low stationary: total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. birth control
is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families.
5. declining?: total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. there is a continued
desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.
POPULATION TRENDS
1950 – 2.5 billion / 2005 – 6.5 billion / 2016 – 7 billion [expected to reach 9 billion by 2050]
after the start of the industrial revolution in the 18th century, living standards rose, famines and epidemics
diminished. population growth accelerated after WWII, population of less developed countries increased dude to
living standards and resources.
over population: occurs when there are too many people living in an area for the resources and
technology available for them. e.g. sub-saharan african countries.
under population: when a country has more resources such as food, minerals and energy than they
need. due to this they are usually able to export such excess resources and have higher incomes, good
living conditions and high living standard. [Australia and Canada]
CASE STUDIES | MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION
anti-natalist: the aim of anti-natalist policies is to decrease the total fertility rate, as well as the crude birth rate, in
order to slow the population growth
pro-natalist: promotes the policies to increase human population within a country, by limiting the access to
contraceptives and abortions, also adding incentives of social and economic to boost the population growth
china’s one child policy
- population: 1,375,000,000 [2015]
- birth rate: 12.37 births/1000 population [2014]
- death rate: 7.16 deaths/1000 population [2014]
- population growth rate: 0.47% [2010]
- fertility rate: 1.55 births per woman [2014]
- problem: 1950, rate of population change was 1.9%, annual population growth was unstable – poverty,
quality of life
- aim: reduce poverty, improve quality of life
- why: increased access to education [1 child], child healthcare, both parents work, economy growth
- issues: families with +1 children fined, policy resisted In rural areas, homelessness/abandoned females
increase, pregnant women had abortions, gender gap of 60m between men and women
- success: birth rate fallen since 1979 [rop=0.7%], falling birth rate = generation/gender gap, fewer people to
support elderly, ageing population, reduced births by 400 million
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,mashal iqbal geography e-assessment revision 2018
france’s ‘code de la famille’ policy
- population: 66,810,000 [2015]
- birth rate: 12.3 births/per 1000 population [2013]
- death rate: 8.7 deaths/per 1000 population [2013]
- population growth rate: 0.5% [2015]
- fertility rate: 1.99 births per woman [2014]
- life expectancy: 81.67 years [2011]
- problem: experienced period of population stagnation caused by low levels of fertility due to desire to limit
inheritance to fewer children and late marriage, higher than average levels of infant mortality due to poor
sanitation, nutrition and health care.
- incentives: payment to couples having their third child, family allowances to increase the purchasing power,
maternity leave on near full pay, 100% mortgage and preferential treatment in the allocation of three bedroom
council flats (accommodation was the biggest disincentive to having children), full tax benefits to parents, 30%
fare reduction on all public transport for three child families
- success: didn't work until the mid 1940's, france experienced the baby boom. the number of births which was
14 million exceeded the number of deaths which was 9 million. main increase in population was in the age
bracket of 45-64, age bracket above that has also increased which could lead to an ageing population. more
families used public transport, less cars being used and less emission to the environment.
- issues: sale of contraceptives and abortions were banned, increase in STDs. huge baby boom lead to an aging
population, increase in unemployment because of all the women staying at home, looking after their families.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DENSITY
brazil case study
uneven distribution of population. over 90% of
brazilians live near coast. towards north/west,
density decreases rapidly, remote areas being
uninhabited.
coastal climate is hot and wet and flat land is limited
due to mountains, region has a reliable water supply
and rang of natural resources. salvador and rio both
had good natural harbors [encouraged trade,
immigration, industry and tourism]. sao paulo was
on higher, cooler, healthier plateau and rich soils for
growing of coffee, minerals, energy supplies found
allowed city to develop into major industrial center. population density decreases from the coast, inland has fewer
natural resources and can’t support as many people: less favorable climate, less reliable water supply, fewer
minerals and energy.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
affected by environmental factors, natural resources, proximity to water and the ability to grow or obtain
food. areas in which populations are small usually lack one of these four qualities and the availability of jobs also
affects population. *human and physical factors affect both population distribution and density*
• natural resources: help in the development of trade, commerce and industry
• climatic conditions: influences growth of population
• soils: produce variety of crops to support dense population, growth and development of agricultural activities
with substantially high yield
• means of transport and communication: manage and carry on agricultural/commercial/industrial activities very
safely and swiftly.
• age of human settlement: strict immigration, human habitation time
• cultural factors: modes of life
TOPIC 2: MIGRATION
movement and in human terms means a change of home, changes both between countries and within a country.
TYPES OF MIGRATIONS
• forced: refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those displaced by conflicts within
their country of origin) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear
disasters, famine, or development projects
• voluntary: means relocation according to personal desires. people decide to move to a new place for many
reasons, often motivated by economic reasons and are searching for a better life
• international: when people migrate from one country to another
reasons for migration
economic: choice to move to improve the standard of living by gaining a better paid job
social: movement somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends
political: war or state policies which discriminate against its citizens, political opponents of those in power
environmental: forced to leave their home region due to sudden or long-term changes to their local environment
barriers to migration
national barriers consist of physical and political factors that have major obstacles to migration. countries may be
located very far apart, mountains/desert may separate them. personal barriers can be emotional and financial.
key terms
• refugees: a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural
disaster.
• asylum seekers: a person who, from fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, social group, or political
opinion, has crossed an international frontier into a country in which he or she hopes to be granted refugee
status.
• internationally displaced person: someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or
her country's borders. they are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the current
legal definition of a refugee.
• emigrants: people who leave a country; immigrants are those who arrive in a country o migration balance is the
difference between the numbers of emigrants and immigrants.
• net migration: rate of difference of immigrants/emigrants of an area in a period of time per 1000 inhabitants
countries with a net migration loss lose more people through emigration than they gain by immigration,
may have a declining population depending on their birth and death rate balance
countries with a net migration gain receive more people by immigration than they lose through
emigration, will have an overall population increase assuming birth and death rates are evenly balanced.
• internal migration: moving from an area of the country to another (city to city, urbanization - rural to city, etc.)
• external migration: crossing international borders (emigrating home country, immigrating to a host country)
CASE STUDIES | FORCED & VOLUNTARY MIGRATION
forced: syria to middle east
reasons:
• on-going armed conflict between forces loyal to the Ba’ath government and those opposing them.
• an estimated 4.5 million refugees have fled the country estimated that fatalities amounted to 470,000.
• over six million people are estimated to be internally displaced within syria trying to escape escalating violence.
effects:
• large share of syrian refugees in jordan are not in camps and have fled into urban areas, beyond reach of direct
assistance from the UN.
• roughly 70% of refugees are estimated to be hosted in local communities, resulting in enormous strain on
public resources, leads to tensions with native community as resources are strained.
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