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UNIT 1. FICTIONAL DISCOURSES IN THE FL PRIMARY CLASSROOMFiction is any literary narrative, in prose or verse, which is invented instead of being an
account of events that in fact happened.
Fiction is the classification for any story created by the imagination and, therefore, not based
strictly on history or fact. Fiction can be expressed in a variety of formats, including writings,
live performances, films, television programs, video games, and role-playing games, novel,
novella, short story, and play.
FICTIONALITY: The ability to imagine – and to evoke others’ imagination of – the
non-actual is one of the most fundamental human skills.
“Fictionality” is a term typically associated with novels, short stories and movies.
1.2. Fiction and literature in the Primary English classroom
● Teaching English to Young Learners: The role of fiction
Narrative plays a major role in our lives, beyond the age of 12 and into adulthood, in the form
of movies, television, news reportage or stories, biographies, crime novels, historical fiction.
For young language learners, picturebooks and oral stories are probably the dominant
narrative forms, and as the children get older film, digital media, comics, graphic novels and
finally novels may play an increasingly important role, ideally also outside the school setting.
The teacher expertise needed for EYL (English for Young Learners) includes two main
strands: an advanced level of language fluency and the ability to implement age-appropriate
methodological skills.
● Discourse-based approaches, or language in context
Discourse competence involves understanding and producing messages beyond sentence
level, including both spoken and written forms. In the Primary classroom, short narratives,
poems, songs, dialogues and descriptions provide good instances of language in context.
Communicative competence (Canale and Swain 1980) includes:
- Grammatical/linguistic competence (mastery of language code)
- Sociolinguistic competence (appropriateness of utterances with respect to meaning and form)
- Discourse competence (combining/relating sentences to achieve texts)
- Strategic competence (procedures used for effective communication).
Therefore, discourse competence involves:
- being able to understand and create forms of language longer than sentences
- understanding how particular instances of language are internally constructed
- understanding how texts relate to the context and situation in which they are used
- Context refers to the situation in which the communicative exchange takes place
Working with stories and narratives in Primary provides opportunities to develop linguistic
and discourse competence in meaningful and playful contexts.
● Selecting texts and materials
When selecting texts, teachers should bear in mind:
- the linguistic level
- suitability in relation to the students’ psychological and cognitive level and interests
- type of text: genre, length
- values and cultural background
, With young learners, introducing storytelling and picturebooks provides opportunities to hear,
speak, and interact in playful contexts. Teachers should consider the following questions:
- Is the content appropriate to the children’s age and intellectual level?
- Does it use language that is at or slightly above the level of the learners?
- Does it contain repeated, predictable language patterns? (Rhyming and repetition of sounds,
words, refrains, or entire sentences)
- Does it meet curricular objectives and classroom themes?
- Are there clear illustrations that help tell the story?
● STORIES
Minky, the Black Cat // The Ill Chicken // Jack and the Beanstalk // Little Red Riding Hood
The Frog Family // The Frog Prince // The Ugly Duckling
UNIT 2. CHILDREN'S LITERATURE AND YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
- Those texts written, if not exclusively for children, then at least with child readers in mind.
CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN’SAND YOUNG ADULT LITERATURE:
● Literature written for children and young people
- Picturebooks → A picturebook is a book in which the illustrations and the written text work
together to tell the story. Combines visual and verbal narratives. The illustrations are as
important as (or even more) the words in telling the story. (The very hungry caterpillar)
- Early readers → Also called "easy-to-read", these books are designed for "emergent
readers" - children who are just learning to read on their own (age 6-8). Contains:
Simple vocabulary and repetitive language; Short sentences; Engaging, easy-to-follow
storylines; and can go from about 32 to 60 pages. (Ling & Ting. Not exactly the same)
- Chapter books → A chapter book is a story book intended for intermediate readers (age
7-10). Unlike picture books, chapter books tell the story primarily through prose, rather than
pictures. They also include some illustrations. Chapter books are transitional books that help
children move from early readers to full novels. Most chapter books deal with contemporary
situations that are familiar to the readers, and are humorous books. (Geronimo Stilton)
- Middle-grade novels → This is the golden age of reading for many children, ages 8-12. A
novel, unlike picturebooks, relies entirely on text to tell the story. Fiction genres range from
contemporary to historical to science fiction/fantasy.
What’s the Difference Between Middle-Grade Fiction vs. Young Adult Fiction?
Middle-grade fiction refers to books written for readers between the ages of 8 and 12, while
young adult fiction refers to books written for readers roughly between the ages of 12 and 18.
Because they have different intended audiences, their subject matter, length, and form are
distinct from one another. (Matilda)
- Young adult → Young adult novels, also called teen novels (age +12). Young-adult fiction,
whether in the form of novels or short stories, has distinct attributes that distinguish it from
the other age categories of fiction. The vast majority of YA stories portray an adolescent as
the protagonist, rather than an adult or a child. The subject matter and story lines are typically
consistent with the age and experience of the main character, but beyond that YA stories span
the entire spectrum of fiction genres. (The Hunger Games)
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