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Summary A-level Psychology AQA Attachments A01 + A03
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These notes provided me with an easier way of memorising Attachments. I used one of these notes for my Year 13 November mocks and got an A*.
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Bowlby John Bowlby developed attachment theory, which suggests that
children are biologically programmed to form emotional bonds with
their primary caregiver.
He introduced the concept of the internal working model, where
early attachment experiences shape future relationships and behavior.
Bowlby believed in a critical period for attachment formation,
stressing that disruptions in early attachment could lead to emotional
difficulties later in life.
His work emphasized the importance of early emotional bonds in the
child's development, which laid the groundwork for future attachment
research.
A03 - Bowlby
Heidi Bailey - A study involving 99 mothers with 1-year-olds explored
Bowlby’s concept of the internal working model.
Counter: There may be other factors influencing social development.
Social Sensitivity: Mothers were often pressured to stay home, which may
have influenced results.
Ainsworth supports Bowlby's monotropy theory through her Uganda study,
which found that infants are typically attached to one primary figure.
Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth developed the "Strange Situation" procedure to study
attachment styles in infants, typically between 12-18 months. This procedure
involved observing how infants reacted during separations and reunions with
their caregivers.
Ainsworth identified three main attachment types based on the infants'
behaviors:
Secure Attachment: Infants show distress when the caregiver leaves
but are easily comforted upon their return.
, Insecure-Avoidant Attachment: Infants show little distress when the
caregiver leaves and avoid them upon return.
Insecure-Ambivalent (or Resistant) Attachment: Infants are
highly distressed when the caregiver leaves and are not easily
comforted upon return.
Ainsworth’s work provided critical evidence supporting Bowlby’s attachment
theory, emphasizing the significance of early relationships in a child’s
development.
A03 - Ainsworth
Predictive Value: Ainsworth’s attachment styles predict later
developmental outcomes. Secure attachments tend to lead to more
positive outcomes in childhood and beyond.
Counter: Jerome Kagan suggested that genetically influenced anxiety
levels could account for variations in attachment behaviors,
challenging the idea that attachment types are entirely determined by
early experiences.
Mary and Judith: Ainsworth's colleagues found a fourth attachment
type, Disorganized Attachment (Type D), which is a mix of
resistant and avoidant behaviors.
Western Bias: The Strange Situation is criticized for being an etic
(culturally specific) study, predominantly conducted in Western
countries such as the UK and the USA, which limits its generalizability
to non-Western cultures.
Cultural Variations in Attachment
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg conducted a meta-analysis of 32
studies from 8 countries, using the Strange Situation to explore cultural
variations in attachment styles:
Findings:
o The majority of infants worldwide were classified as securely
attached.
o Germany showed higher levels of avoidant attachment.
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