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, 11. 9. 23L1 - 1.1 - Transport in substance - ms Boyle
SA to volume ratio - Why do we need an Exchan'ge system?
• Human or mammals have a large size, increase in size of organism : surface area to
volume ratio decreases - the diffusion distance increasing hence metabolic rate
increase.
• Diffusion become insufficient. As result large organism have mass transport -
consisting of heart and circulation - move substance around the body and allows
gas change.
The bigger the Sa to volume ratio the faster the rate of diffusion
Human Earthworm
surface = 180 dm2 Surface = 0.36 dm2
volume = 68 dm2 Volume = 0.0048 dm2
180/68= 2.5 0.36/0.0048 = 75
The earthworm has a higher SA to volume ratio which suggest that it has a smaller
diffusion distance and doesn’t need mass transport .
-we Have a specialized organs for gas ' exchange.
-Earthworm is moist better diffusion.
, L1 - 1.1 - The heart - ms Boyle 11. 9. 23
• four chambers - RL atrium and ventricle
• four main blood vessels -vena cave, aorta,
plumery vine plumery artery
• Atrioventricular valve - Tricuspid bicuspid -
separate atria from ventricle
• Semilunar valve - separate atria from ventricle
• Tendinous chords - prevent atrioventricular
from turning in and out due to pressure
• Septum - prevent oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood from mixing
• Cardiac muscle - thicker on LHS - pumps blood
at high pressure.
Double circularly system - Passes through the heart twice
Why - respiration release energy - want to get blood around - get energy.
• The deoxygenated blood from the body Enters the vena cava and then travels to
Right atrium then into through the t-valveInto the right ventricle and pumps out
of the Pulmonary artery (way from the heart)
• The oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the Pulmonary vein (towards the
heart)into the left atrium and Through the b-valve it enters the left ventricle And
blood pump to the rest of the body throughAorta. N
Irregular beating of the heart is called - arrhythmia
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