Anxiety, Panic, OCD, PTSD
2 components of anxiety Correct Answer: 1. Awareness of the physiological sensations (e.g., palpitations and sweating)
2. Awareness of being nervous or frightened
Are women or men more likely to have anxiety? Correct Answer: Women (30.5% lifetime prevalence) are ...
screening or assessment tools for anxiety disorders
role of autonomic nervous system i
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UMKC 5564M Unit 4
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Anxiety, Panic, OCD, PTSD
2 components of anxiety Correct Answer: 1. Awareness of the physiological
sensations (e.g., palpitations and sweating)
2. Awareness of being nervous or frightened
Are women or men more likely to have anxiety? Correct Answer: Women (30.5%
lifetime prevalence) are more likely to have an anxiety disorder than are men
(19.2% lifetime prevalence)
Role of autonomic nervous system in anxiety Correct Answer: Stimulation causes
certain symptoms— cardiovascular, muscular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory
Exhibit increased sympathetic tone, adapt slowly to repeated stimuli, and respond
excessively to moderate stimuli
neurotransmitters involved in anxiety Correct Answer: norepinephrine
serotonin
GABA
Norepinephrine (NE) role in anxiety disorders Correct Answer: Poorly regulated
noradrenergic system with occasional bursts of activity
serotonin role in anxiety disorders Correct Answer: Clinical studies have had
mixed results
However, serotonergic antidepressants have therapeutic effects in some anxiety
disorders
How do benzodiazepines work in anxiety disorders? Correct Answer: enhancing
the activity of GABA at the GABA type A receptor
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis role in anxiety disorders Correct
Answer: Psychological stress increase the synthesis and release of cortisol
Excessive and sustained cortisol secretion can have serious adverse effects
,Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) role in anxiety disorders Correct Answer:
coordinates the adaptive behavioral and physiological changes that occur during
stress
Hypothalamic levels are increased by stress, resulting in activation of the HPA axis
and increased release of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Brain Imaging studies have shown what brain changes in anxiety disorders?
Correct Answer: Increased size of cerebral ventricles
abnormalities in frontal cortex, occipital and temporal areas
Brain area affected in panic disorder Correct Answer: parahippocampal gyrus
abnormality
Brain area affected in OCD Correct Answer: caudate nucleus
Brain area affected in PTSD Correct Answer: increased activity in the amygdala, a
brain region associated with fear
under-active medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
Neuroanatomical Considerations of the Limbic System in Anxiety Disorders
Correct Answer: receives noradrenergic and serotonergic innervation, contains a
high concentration of GABA A receptors, increased activity in the
septohippocampal pathway, Cingulate gyrus
Neuroanatomical Considerations of the Cerebral Cortex in Anxiety Disorders
Correct Answer: frontal area is connected with the parahippocampal region, the
cingulate gyrus, and hypothalamus
2 core symptoms in anxiety Correct Answer: fear and worry
What is the key neurotransmitter involved in anxiety? Correct Answer: GABA
What is GABA? Correct Answer: Principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the
brain
What are the 3 major GABA receptor types? Correct Answer: A, B, C
Which GABA receptor type plays a critical role in mediating inhibitory
neurotransmission as the target of benzos? Correct Answer: GABA A
, DSM diagnostic criteria for separation anxiety disorder Correct Answer:
Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation
from those to whom the individual is attached, as evidenced by at least three of the
symptoms
Lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or
more in adults.
DSM diagnostic criteria for selective mutism Correct Answer: Consistent failure
to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking
despite speaking in other situations.
Duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (not limited to the first month of
school).
The failure to speak is not attributable to a lack of knowledge of, or comfort with,
the spoken language required in the social situation.
What is a specific phobia? Correct Answer: Excessive fear of a specific object,
circumstance, situation leading to avoidance or intense distress
commonly feared objects and situations: animals, storms, heights, illness, injury,
death
DSM diagnostic criteria for specific phobia Correct Answer: Marked fear or
anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving
an injection, seeing blood). Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed
by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging.
The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety
and is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety.
The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific
object or situation and to the sociocultural context.
Typically lasting for 6 months or more.
Specific phobia diagnostic specifiers Correct Answer: 1. Animal (e.g., spiders,
insects, dogs).
2. Natural environment (e.g., heights, storms, water).
3. Blood-injection-injury (e.g., needles, invasive medical procedures). NOTE:
Select specific fear of blood; fear of injections and transfusions; fear of other
medical care; or fear of injury.
4. Situational (e.g., airplanes, elevators, enclosed places).
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