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Summary Phinominology of Alfred Schutz
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This material consists of Alfred Schutz's phonology as well as his biography.
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Phenomenology of Alfred Schütz leaner notesChibby muthu
founder of phenomenology is EDMUND HUSSERL
ALFERD SCHUTZ only a developer of phenomenology
His work laid on the basis for the field of Ethnomethodology
His principal work is The Phenomenology of the Social World (1932)
1 Introduction of phenomenology
Hermeneutics is opposition to positivism
Hermeneutics focus on subjective experiences. All the disciplines we study, like phe-
nomenology, ethnomethodology, the social construction of reality, etc., come under Hermeneu-
tics.
IDEAS: General introduction to pure phenomenology:Edmund Hussserl this a book he
intoduce the phenomenology to as
1) is the philosophical study on the structures of experience and consciousness.
2) As a philosophical movement, it was founded in the early years of the 20th century
byEDMUND HUSSERL and later expanded upon by a circle of his followers.
3) Hasserl thinks that phenomenology is mostly about the systematic reflections that
show up in acts of consciousness and the phenomena that show up in such acts.
Ethanonomethodology is another methodology that closely resembles phe-
nomenology.
phenomenology is a study of
• consciousness and won consciousness
• alternative to positivism
• experience
• empathy
• inter subjectivity
• stock knowledge
• reciprocity
• lifeworld reflectivity
1
,1.1 Definition
Phenomenology is commonly understood in either of two ways: as a disciplinary field in
philosophy, or as a movement in the history of philosophy.
Husserl defined phenomenology as “the science of the essence of consciousness”,
centered on the defining trait of intentionality, approached explicitly “in the first person”.
Alfred Schutz Social phenomenology is concerned with how people use ordinary, ev-
eryday interactions to produce a feeling of reality and intersubjectivity. Most of Schutz’s
work concerned the methods used for the construction of reality through everyday expe-
riences. The social construction of reality and ethnomethodology are disciplinary exten-
sions beyond the social phenomenology of Alfred Schutz
G.W.F.Hehel written a book that phenomenology of spirit
phenomenology is an approach to philosophy that begin with exploration of phenomena
(what percents itself to us in conscious experience) as a means to finally grasp the abso-
lute,logical,(Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature
of reality; the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, cause and
effect, necessity and possibility,ontology)Metaphysics spirit that behind phenomena. this
has been called as DIALECTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY.
1.2 In phenomenology empathy
In phenomenology empathy refers to the experience of one’s own body s another (to
understand the phenomena by remaining in as won consciousness) .while we often identify
others with thier physical bodeies,this type of phenomenology requires that we focus on
the subjectivity of others,as well as our inter-subjectivity engagement with
them.
inter-subjectivity is very impotent term related to Alfred Schütz.
2 Biographical sketch
He emigrated to the U.S. in 1939, teaching at the New School for Social Research in New
York (1943-59).
He drew attention to the social presuppositions underlying everyday life and
to the creation of social reality through symbols and human action. ( every
kind of social reality created through set of symbols and human action.
His work laid the basis for the field of ethnomethodology, the study of people’s
commonsense understandings of the structure of social interaction.
xx His principal work is The Phenomenology of the Social World (1932).xx
2
, Consequently, Schutz and his family relocated to Paris in 1938 in political exile. Schutz
worked as an international lawyer for Reitler and Company, and moved to the United
States in 1939, where he became a faculty member of The New School.
He taught sociology and philosophy as well as serving as chair of the Philosophy de-
partment. Schutz is unique as a scholar of the social sciences in that he pursued a career
in law for most of his life, while teaching part-time at the New School for Social Research
in New York.
Moreover, he produced key papers in phenomenological sociology that fill four volumes
(published by Nijhoff, The Hague), while working full-time at the bank. Schutz received
a substantial amount of assistance from his wife, Ilse, who transcribed his working notes
and letters from his taped dictations.
3 Intellectual life
Alfred Schutz philosophized about social science in a broad signification of the word.
He was deeply respectful of actual scientific practice, and produced a classification
of the sciences; explicated methodological postulates for empirical science in general and
the social sciences specifically; and clarified basic concepts for interpretative sociology in
particular. His work shows how philosophy of the cultural sciences can bee done phe-
nomenologically.
Schutz was strongly influenced by Ludwig von Mises, Henri Bergson, william james,
and Edmund HusSerl. contrary to common belief, while Schutz’s work paralleled George
Herbert Mead’s analysis of the meanings within social interactions, Schutz was highly
critical of Mead’s behavioristic approach.
Although Schutz was never a student of Husserl, he and colleague Felix Kaufmann inten-
sively studied Husserl’s work in order to seek a basis for the interpretive sociology derived
from Max Weber.
In 1932, Schutz’s efforts resulted in his first published book which was published in
English as The Phenomenology of the Social World. Schutz took up the generic empha-
sis of phenomenology, arguing that everyday life - other than philosophical or scientific
theories - is most important for analysis.
In this work, Schutz both applauded and criticized Weber’s thinking on related issues.
Schutz very much admired Weber’s teachings about the ”ideal type,” which does not
allow for personal interests or values in the context of social theory. This state is referred
to as the value-free state.
3
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