Summary Chemistry : Textbook For Class Xii, ISBN: 9788174506481 Chemistry
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Chemistry
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Chemistry : Textbook For Class Xii
These pdf contains the full summary as well as the previous year question answers of all the chapters of chemistry
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Coordination compounds class 12th chapter ncert based
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Haloalkanes and
Haloarenes
10.1 Classification 10.5 Methods of Preparation o
10.2 Nomenclature 10.6 Physical Properties
10.3 Nature of C—X Bond 10.7 Chemical Reactions
10.4 Methods of Preparation of Haloalkones
Topicwise Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions (2
8 Maximum total weightage is of Chemical 8 Maximum SA and LA I type
Reactions. asked from Chemical Reactio
8 Maximum VSA type questions were asked from
Chemical Reactions.
,8 Classification :
HALOALKANES Pyri
R OH + SOCl2
8 Alkyl halides : General formula is RX, where R
R = alkyl group. X Halogenation of alkanes
8 General methods of preparation : R H + X2
X From alcohols : Alkyl halides can be
– Abstraction of hydrog
prepared from alcohols in a number of ways :
halogen follows the or
– Action of hydrogen halides :
allylic > 3° > 2° > 1° >
RCl + H2O – Reactivity of haloge
reaction follows the o
R – OH R – Br + H2O F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
X Halide exchange method
R – I + H2O dry acetone
R Cl + NaI
• Order of reactivity of halogen acids This is known as Finkelste
towards the above reaction is : – Fluoroalkanes can al
HI > HBr > HCl halide exchange meth
• Order of reactivity of different alcohols chloride with inorgan
towards the above reaction is : known as Swart’s reac
tertiary > secondary > primary 2CH3CH2Cl + Hg2F2
– Action of phosphorus halides : Mercurous2
fluoride
PCl5
R – Cl + POCl3 + HCl
PCl3 X Action of hydrogen halid
R – Cl + H3PO3
R O R + 2HX 2R
R – OH PBr3
(P + Br2)
R – Br + H3PO3 X Addition of hydrogen ha
, nucleophilic substitution
the leaving group, mo
– Reaction follows electrophilic addition nucleophilic substitution r
mechanism and takes place as per X SN1 and SN2 mechanisms
Markownikoff ’s rule. However, in presence substitution can proceed v
of peroxide, addition of HBr takes place or SN2 mechanism.
as per anti-Markownikoff ’s rule. Unimolecular (SN1) Bim
It is first order reaction. It is
reactio
Generally carried out Carrie
in polar protic solvents aprotic
like water, alcohol and aceton
acetic acid. aceton
Takes place in two steps Takes
Anti-Markownikoff ’s rule is also known as through carbocation as throug
Peroxide effect or Kharasch effect. HCl and the intermediate.
HI do not show peroxide effect.
8 Physical properties : Rate of reaction : Rate o
X Alkyl halides being polar in nature are 3° > 2° > 1° > CH3 halides CH3 >
(fastest) (slowest) (fastest)
insoluble in water as they cannot break
Greater the stability of Less
H-bonding already existing in water.
carbocation, faster will hindra
X They have higher melting and boiling
be the reaction. state,
points, than those of the hydrocarbons of
reactio
comparable molecular mass. For the same Tends to proceed with Tends
alkyl group boiling point follows the order weak nucleophiles, strong
as : e.g., CH3OH, H2O, e.g., C
R I > R Br > R Cl > R F CH3CH2OH, etc. etc.
X Decreasing order of boiling points among Both retention Invers
the isomeric alkyl halides follows the order : and inversion of config
1° > 2° > 3° alkyl halides configuration takes place (
X Decreasing order of density among the alkyl place. invers
halides is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. X Primary allylic and primar
For alkyl iodide decreasing order of density show higher reactivity
is as follows : than other primary alkyl h
CH3I > CH3CH2I > CH3CH2CH2I. greater stabilisation of all
X Bond strength of C X bond follows the order carbocation intermediates
CH3 F > CH3 Cl > CH3 Br > CH3 I X Vinylic and aryl halides
i.e., bond strength of C X bond decreases as nucleophilic substitution
the size of halogen atoms increases. because of double bond ch
X Correct stability order of RX is as follows : bond due to resonance.
R F > R Cl > R Br > R I
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