GRE psychology practice Test Latest Update 2023

GRE psychology practice Test Latest Update 2023 Acetylcholine - neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement, sleep and wakefulness. Too little is associated with Alzheimer's Analysis of Variance/ANOVA - inferential statistical procedure used to compare 2 or more means to see if the difference is not chance (need p.05 for statistical significance) Aphasia - impairment of ability to communicate either through oral or written discourse as a result of brain damage. Ex. Wernicke's ________ or Broca's __________ Optimum Arousal Theory - Theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an personally preferred level of arousal. Broca's Aphasia - Loss of function associated with damage to a specific area of the left frontal lobe, demonstrated by impairment in producing understandable speech. Egocentric - young child's inability to understand another person's perspective - typical of Piaget's preoperational stage Concrete Operational Stage - According to Piaget - stage of cognitive development where child between ages of 7 and 12 begins thinking more globally and outside of the self but are still deficient in abstract thought. Construct Validity - Validity answers the question of whether or not the measuring device actually measures the theoretical idea under question. Convergence - Binocular cue to distance referring to fact that the closer an object is, the more inward our eyes need to turn in order to focus Dopamine Hypothesis - Theory that schizophrenia is caused by an excess amount of dopamine in brain. Research has found that medication to reduce dopamine can reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Endorphins - neurotransmitter involved in pain relief, and feelings of pleasure and contentedness. Epinephrine - neurotransmitter involved in energy and glucose metabolism. External Validity - The extent to which data collected from a sample can be generalized to the entire population. Factor Analysis - A statistical technique used combine data into similar groups Frequency Effect - The phenomenon in memory which states that we tend to remember information better if it is repeated. Formal Operational Stage - Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development where thinking becomes more abstract. 12+ years Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis - Theory arguing that aggression is the natural reaction to frustration. g factor - Basic intelligence of Spearman's theory. Typically compared to s which represents specific intelligences. Gender Identity - Internal sense of being either male or female. Usually congruent with biological gender, but not always. Hawthorne Effect - Phenomenon that subject behavior changes by mere fact that they are being observed. Introspection - The process of examining one's own consciousness used by Structuralists and Functionalist researchers Legitimate Power - Power derived through one's position, such as a police officer or elected official. Motive - Internal states that provide direction for one's behaviors. Norepinephrine - neurotransmitter associated with eating and alertness. Too little has been associated with depression in addition to serotonin Overlearning - A technique used to improve memory where info is learned to the point that it can be repeated without mistake more than one time. Continuted rehearsal after material is leanred - Ebbinghaus Phi Phenomenon - The perception of motion based on two or more stationary objects (e.g., perception of chaser lights brought about by different lights blinking at different times). Criterion Validity - A measurements ability to predict scores on another measurement that is related or purports to measure the same or similar construct Preoperational Stage - Piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which a child develops objects permanency and language. 2-7 years Proactive Interference - Interference in memory due to prior learning. r - Symbol used for the Pearson-product moment correlation (correlation coefficien Reaction Formation - defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are converted to their opposite. Reticular Formation (Reticular Activating System) - Part of brain stem involved in arousal and attention, sleep and wakefulness, and control of reflexes. Retinal Disparity - Binocular cue to distance referring to distance between the two images sent to the brain by our eyes. The farther apart these images, the closer the object. Retroactive Interference - Interference in memory created by later learning. Self Serving Bias - The tendency to assign internal attributes to successes and external factors to failures. Sensorimotor Stage - The first stage in Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development where a child's primary way of learning about the world is through the senses and movement. 0-2 years Structuralism - Wundt and Titchner school of thought from the 19th century focused on the gathering of psychological information through the examination of the structure of the mind. Type I Error - The error that is committed when a true null hypothesis is rejected erroneously. The probability of a Type I Error is abbreviated with the lowercase Greek letter alpha. Type II Error - The error that is committed when a false null hypothesis is accepted erroneously. The probability of a Type II Error is abbreviated with the uppercase Greek letter beta. Variance - A measure of spread within a distribution (the square of the standard deviation). Wernicke's Aphasia - Aphasia resulting from damage to a specific area of left temporal lobe. Affects written and spoken language. visual capture - the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses feature detectors - nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement bipolar cells - eye neurons that receive information from the retinal rods and cones and distribute information to the ganglion cells ganglion cells - the specialized cells which lie behind the bipolar cells whose axons form the optic nerve which takes the information to the brain glial cells - cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons and make myelin