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Chapter 01: History, Theories, and Methods
Multiple Choice
1. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as _____.
a. innately good
b. innately evil
c. a tabula rasa
d. a genetic product
ANSWER: b
2. John Locke is most likely to agree with the fact that:
a. children are born innately good.
b. children are born innately evil.
c. children are influenced by their experiences.
d. Children are indifferent to their surroundings.
ANSWER: c
3. Differentiate between John Locke's writing and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings.
a. While Locke argued that children are inherently good, Rousseau argued that children were innately evil.
b. While Locke focused on the role of the environment, Rousseau focused on the expression of natural impulses.
c. While Locke believed that children should be treated as property and servants, Rousseau believed that
children should be treated with respect and care.
d. While Locke believed in the traditional views of developmental psychology, Rousseau believed in the
modern views of developmental psychology.
ANSWER: b
4. Which of the following is true of family life during the industrial revolution?
a. Family life was legally defined to include three generations of relatives.
b. Family life grew to include extended family members, like cousins, aunts, and uncles.
c. Family life was defined in terms of the nuclear unit of mother, father, and children.
d. Family life shrank to include only one child per family.
ANSWER: c
5. Which of the following is true of children in the 20th century?
a. Children received greater legal protection than they did prior to then.
b. Children were married younger than during previous centuries.
c. Children were considered to be the property of their parents.
d. Children experienced less emphasis on education than during previous centuries.
ANSWER: a
6. The idea of childhood as a special time of life:
a. was concurrent with a time of ease for children during the Industrial Revolution.
b. became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible.
c. lasted throughout the Industrial Revolution but gradually declined through the 20th century.
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Chapter 01: History, Theories, and Methods
d. corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family during this time.
ANSWER: b
7. The purpose of the first standardized intelligence test was to:
a. measure IQ scores to determine genius-level abilities in children.
b. identify children who were at risk of falling behind in school.
c. create separate classrooms for high- and low-intelligence children.
d. compare people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.
ANSWER: b
8. Which of the following is a similarity between John Watson's school of behaviorism and John Locke's concept of tabula
rasa?
a. Both emphasize the joint contributions of nature and nurture to one's development.
b. Both suggest that one's genetic endowment determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
c. Both suggest that experience determines one's ideas, preferences, and skills.
d. Both emphasize the importance of maturational processes.
ANSWER: c
9. Which of the following perspectives of child development is Arnold Gesell credited with?
a. Biological maturation of children
b. The inherent goodness of children
c. The inherently flawed nature of children
d. Environment influences of children
ANSWER: a
10. The psychosexual theory of development is similar to the psychosocial theory of development in that:
a. both theories assert that human development is a continuous, lifelong process with little or no gaps.
b. both theories suggest that a child's experiences during early stages affect the child's emotional and social life
at the time and later on.
c. both theories believe that a child or adult's behavior is learned.
d. both theories suggest that adaptation and natural selection are connected with behavior.
ANSWER: b
11. According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth?
a. The superego
b. The id
c. The ego
d. The archetype
ANSWER: b
12. Which of the following is a similarity between Freud's and Erikson's psychoanalytic theories?
a. Both are types of stage theories.
b. Both are exclusively nature theories.
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Chapter 01: History, Theories, and Methods
c. Both are exclusively nurture theories
d. Both are quantitative theories.
ANSWER: a
13. Which of the following is true of the ego according to Freud?
a. It is biologically based and present at birth.
b. It is driven by the quest for pleasure.
c. It forces us to follow rules and acts as a moral base.
d. It makes plans that are socially appropriate.
ANSWER: d
14. Which of the following is true of fixation in the oral stage?
a. It occurs because of being toilet trained too strictly.
b. It occurs because of being weaned too early or breast-fed for too long.
c. It occurs because of concentrating on school work for too long.
d. It occurs because of playing with children of the opposite gender too often.
ANSWER: b
15. Natalia is a grown woman who still sucks her thumb. Her co-workers notice her behavior but are too polite to mention
it. According to Freud, Natalia is fixated at the _____ of development.
a. anal stage
b. oral stage
c. phallic stage
d. genital stage
ANSWER: b
16. Which of the following factors plays a role in fixation during the anal stage of development?
a. Strict toilet training
b. Excessive breast feeding
c. Excess work load in school
d. Interaction with opposite-sex children
ANSWER: a
17. Which of the following is true of Freud's legacy for future thinkers?
a. His focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying human development.
b. His emphasis on evolutionary changes has led to further research on behavioral changes in each generation.
c. His focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding how genetics and
environment intersect.
d. His emphasis on the emotional needs of children has influenced how educators understand children’s
behaviors.
ANSWER: d
18. According to Erikson, which of the following is true of early experiences?
a. They are more challenging than later experiences.
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