Organizational Behaviour Latest 2023 Graded A

Organizational Behaviour Latest 2023 Graded A Organisational Behaviour An interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organisations Organisational Citizenship Work behaviour that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organisation's success Attitude A cognitive and affective evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way Job Satisfaction A positive attitude towards one's job Organisational commitment Loyalty to and heavy involvement in one's organisation Cognitive Dissonance A condition in which two attitudes or a behaviour and an attitude conflict Personality The set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behaviour in response to ideas, objects or people in the environment Big Five personality factors Dimensions that describe an individuals extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience Emotional intelligence A theory that assesses personality by examining the capacity for self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship awareness Locus of control The tendency to place the primary responsibility for one's success or failure either within oneself (internally) or on outside forces (externally) Authoritarianism The belief that power and status difference should exist within the organisation Machiavellianism The tendency to direct much of one's behaviour towards the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain Re-engineering The radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service and speed Person-Job Fit The extent to which a person's ability and personality match the requirements of a job Perception The process people use to make sense of the environment by selecting, organising and interpreting information from the environment Perceptual selectivity The process by which individuals screen and select the various stimuli that vie for their attention Perceptual organisation The process by which people organise or categorise stimuli according to their frame of reference Perceptual grouping The organising of sensory data into patterns Figure-ground perception The tendency to perceive the sensory data that one is most attentive to as standing out against the background of other sensory data Perceptual distortions Errors in perceptual judgment that arise from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process Stereotyping The tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then attribute generalisations about the group to the individual Halo Effect An overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favourable or unfavourable Projection The tendency to see one's own personal characteristics in other people Perceptual defence The tendency of perceivers to protect themselves by disregarding ideas, objects or people that are threatening to them Attributions Judgements about what caused a person's behaviour - either characteristics of the person or of the situation Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's behaviour and to overestimate the influence of internal factors Self-serving bias The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures Learning A change in behaviour or performance as a result of experience Stress A physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an individual General Adaptation Syndrome The physiological response to a stressor, beginning with an alarm response, continuing to resistance, and sometimes ending in exhaustion if the stressor exceeds a person's ability to cope Type A behaviour A behaviour pattern characterised by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness and devotion to work Type B behaviour A behaviour pattern that lacks Type A characteristics and includes a more balanced, relaxed lifestyle Role ambiguity Uncertainty about what behaviour is expected of a person in a particular role Role conflict Incompatible demands of different roles