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Sol y viento Beginning Spanish 3th Edition by Bill VanPatten - Test Bank
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, APPENDIX 1:THE SPANISH PRONOUN SYSTEM
One of the most complicated aspects of grammar for learners of Spanish is the pronoun system. Subject
pronouns, direct object pronouns, indirect object pronouns, reflexives —students very often end up with
a “mish mash” of pronouns, trying to use se to mean he, me as a subject pronoun, and so on. The special
grammar supplements here are meant to help give students a greater understanding of pronouns than
they would have with typical textbook presentations.
I. Subject Pronouns
A. The notion of “subject” is a grammatical notion and refers to the relationship between a noun (boy,
John, dogs) or a noun “phrase” (the boy, the happy boy, all of those dogs) and a verb. Generally, the
subject answers the question Who or What VERBs? or Who or What is VERBing?as in Who or What eats?
Who or What is looking?
The man is smiling. Who is smiling? The man. (So, the man = subject.)
The green houses are for sale. What is for sale? The green houses.
(So, The green houses = subject.)
B. A pronoun refers to a small word that stands in place of a noun or noun phrase, especially when the
speakers already know who or what is being talked about. Let’s take the example, John is a responsible
student. He studies every day. In the second sentence, he is a pronoun that stands for John, who is already
mentioned in the sentence before. Pronouns are used to avoid redundancy. Look how awkward the
following would be spoken aloud: Jaime knows a lot about wines. Jaime drinks them all the time. Jaime lived
in Napa and Jaime has also worked in a winery. We use the subject pronoun he to avoid the repetition.
C. The subject pronouns that stand for other nouns in English are he, she, it, and they.
CORRESPONDING
SAMPLE SUBJECTS SUBJECT PRONOUN
John, the boy, the dog, Mr. Smith he
Mary, my aunt, the ugly witch she
the book, the time, the big white house it
John and Mary, the kids, the big dogs they
We also call I, you, and we subject pronouns because they stand for us. For example, if your name is
Bill you don’t say, Bill went to the store yesterday. You say, I went to the store yesterday. If you are talking
to your friend Sally, you don’t say, Does Sally want to come? You say, Do you want to come? So, in a
sense, these pronouns stand for names of people who are involved in the conversation. The entire
set of subject pronouns in English then are the following, along with their Spanish equivalents.
I yo we nosotros/as
you tú you vosotros/as
you usted (Ud.) you ustedes (Uds.)
he, she él, ella they ellos/ellas
Appendix 1: The Spanish Pronoun System 345
, The English pronoun it does not have a Spanish equivalent; no pronoun is used in sentences such as
the following.
Este libro es bueno, pero cuesta mucho.
This book is good, but it costs a lot.
In the sentence, the verb cuesta includes the idea of it as a subject.
D. Remember that subject pronouns in general are omitted in Spanish when the person or thing referred
to is clearly understood.
Hablo español. (No need to add yo because the verb form hablo tells us who
speaks Spanish.)
Jaime es bilingüe: habla (No need to add él. The verb form habla encodes that information
inglés y español. as well as ella and usted. However the context of the sentence
makes it clear that Jaime/él is the only logical subject.)
E. Self-test on Subject Pronouns
1. Using the question Who or What VERBs? or Who or What is VERBing? determine the subject of
each sentence.
a. Michael has a cold.
b. Amy and John have broken up.
c. Two big brown dogs attacked a man on the street.
d. I refuse to believe you.
2. Continue each “story” using the correct subject pronoun.
a. Michael has a cold. took some medicine and now feels better.
b. Amy and John have broken up. are not speaking to each other.
c. Two big brown dogs attacked a man on the street. mauled him in front of witnesses.
d. I refuse to believe you. am not that gullible.
3. Using the same technique as in item 1, identify the subject in each sentence in Spanish.
a. María es profesora.
b. Mis amigos no hablan español.
c. Todos en la clase estudiamos español.
d. Tomo mucho vino.
4. Why does the following series of sentences sound unnatural in Spanish?
Mis amigos no hablan español. Ellos hablan francés. Ellos son de Quebec.
Answers
1. a. Michael b. Amy and John c. two big brown dogs d. I
2. a. He, he b. They c. They d. I
3. a. María
b. mis amigos
c. todos en la clase
d. yo (Did you remember that Spanish does not need to use subject pronouns? For this item,
you ask, Who drinks (a lot of wine)? The answer is I.)
4. Because, unlike English, Spanish omits subject pronouns when the subject of the sentence is clear.
The use of ellos is unnecessary and sounds like English, not Spanish.
346 Appendix 1: The Spanish Pronoun System
, II. Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns
A. Direct object is a grammatical notion and, like subject, refers to the relationship between a noun (boy,
John, dogs) or a noun phrase (the boy, the happy boy, all of those dogs) and a verb. However, unlike
subjects, the question you ask to determine the direct object of a verb is Who or What is VERBed? or
Who or What is being VERBed?
Robert respects his professor. Who is respected? His professor. (So, his professor = direct object.)
The dog really hates baths. What is hated? Baths. (So, baths = direct object.)
Jaime knows wines well. What is known well? Wines. (So, wines = direct object.)
B. As you may recall from your study of subjects and subject pronouns, a pronoun refers to a small
word that stands in place of a noun or noun phrase, especially when the speakers already know who
or what is being talked about. Let’s take the example, Jaime knows wines well. He drinks them all the
time. In the second sentence, them is a pronoun that stands for wines, something that is mentioned in
the sentence before. Pronouns are used to avoid redundancy. Look how awkward the following
would be spoken aloud: Jaime knows a lot about wines. He drinks wines all the time. He used to sell wines.
We use the direct object pronoun them to avoid the repetition of the word wines.
Now, try the same with the following. What word would you use to replace María?
Jaime meets María in the park. He follows María. He helps María with her books.
You are right if you replaced the direct object noun María with the direct object pronoun her, as in
the following.
Jaime meets María in the park. He follows her. He helps her with her books.
C. You already know that I is a subject in English, as are you and we. But what are their corresponding
direct object pronouns? That is, what if I, you, and we are not subjects of verbs but direct objects of
verbs? The corresponding pronouns are me, you, and us.
Robert likes me. Who is liked? Me. (So, me = direct object.)
I like Robert. Who is liked? Robert. (So, Robert = direct object.)
We visit our parents. Who is visited? Our parents. (So, our parents = direct object.)
Our parents visit us. Who is visited? Us. (So, us = direct object.)
Here is the list of English direct object pronouns. Remember, to identify an object, you normally ask,
Who or What is VERBed? or Who or What is being VERBed?
me John knows me well.
you John knows you well.
him John knows him well.
her John knows her well.
it John knows it well.
us John knows us well.
you John knows you well.
them John knows them well.
Note that only it and you can be both objects and subjects.
You ate my pie. Who ate my pie? You. (So, you = subject.)
I hate you! Who is hated? You. (So, you = object.)
It’s on the floor. What is on the floor? It. (So, it = subject.)
I ate it. What was eaten? It. (So, it = object.)
Appendix 1: The Spanish Pronoun System 347
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