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Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam 2024/2025 already graded A+
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AdvancedPathophysiology
Final
Exam
B-lymphocytes
-
ANS...,
Responsible
for
humoral
immunity.
B-Cells
are
exposed
to
an
antigen.
When
they
encounter
an
antigen
they
imprint
the
antigen.
Every
bacteria
has
an
antigenic
site
or
antigenic
marker.
Immune
system
will
respond
to
marker.
Types
of
immunity
-
ANS...,
Natural
active
immunity,Natural
passive
immunity,Artificial
active
immunity,Artificial
passive
immunity
Immunotope
-
ANS...
Epitope
-
ANS...,
An
area
of
the
antigen
molecle
that
stimulates
the
production
of,
and
combines
with,
specific
antibodies;
also
know
as
the
antigenic
determinant
site
Paratope
-
ANS...,
what
is
the
name
of
the
part
of
the
antibody
that
interacts
with
the
antigen?
IgA
-
ANS...,
(1)
10-15%
of
total
Ig
in
serum
(2)
predominant
in
secretions
like
breast
milk,
saliva,
tears,
mucous
(3)
primarily
exists
as
monomer;
secretory
IgA
is
dimer
or
tetramer
IgE
-
ANS...,
1%
of
serum
antibody,
half
life
2.5
days,
helminth
infections,
binds
to
mast
cells
via
Fc
ε
R
(mediates
allergic
reaction,
triggers
mast
cell
degranulation)
IgG
-
ANS...,
2nd
to
respond,
formed
in
lg
quantities
&
work
in
the
blood
&
tissues.
They
bind
to
destructive
pathogens
so
that
the
immune
cells
(for
example,
macrophage)
have
an
easier
time
ingesting
them.
The
immunoglobulin
class
that
is
the
only
one
capable
of
crossing
the
placenta
i
IgM
-
ANS...,
31.
The
most
potent
activator
of
classical
complement.,
first
to
appear
on
the
surface
of
B
cells
Endogenous
antigens
-
ANS...,
infected
host
cells
display
pathogen
proteins
externally
and
are
recognized
as
foreign;
infected
cell
with
virus
and
the
viral
antigens
surround
it
Herpes
virus
-
ANS...,,
1)
HSV-1
-
oral
herpes,
STD
and
contact,
no
vaccine,
lifetime
infection,
treat
the
symptoms,
sore
Maternal
antibody
-
ANS...,
Natural,
passive
immunity,
IgG,
maternal
IgG
crosses
placent,
Antibody
in
a
newborn
animal
which
the
newborn
acquired
through
the
placenta
or
colostrum
(the
first
milk).
Hypersensitivity
reactions
-
ANS...,
Different
types;
unexpected
outcome
after
the
administration
of
a
medication;
usually
immune
(IgE)
mediated
if
previously
exposed
(Type
I
Hypersensitivity
reaction);
ranges
from
rash/hives
to
anaphylaxis
(life
threatening)-
Cell
mediated Development
of
allergies
Alloimmunity
-
ANS...,
Mast
cell
degranulates
releasing
histamine
into
tissue
-
histamine
binds
to
receptors
on
endothelial
cells
-
results
in
allergic
symptoms.
Autoimmunity
-
ANS...,
Antigens
trigger
the
formation
of
abnormal
IgG
in
tissue
and
plasma,
activates
complement,
An
immune
response
directed
against
one's
own
self
antigens.
Systemic
Lupus
Erythematosus
-
ANS...,
An
autoimmune
disease
where
the
body's
immune
system
damages
its
own
tissues
and
cells.
Characteristics
are
a
bad
rash
or
skin
lesions.
40-50%
of
lupus
patients
develop
renal
disease,
others
develop
hemolysis
and
anemia.
Cause
unknown.
Graves
Disease
-
ANS...,
Autoantibody
(IgG)
that
stimulates
TSH
receptor
(type
II
hypersensitivity),
An
autoimmune
disease,
in
which
antibodies
against
the
TSH
(thyroid-stimulating
hormone)
receptor
in
thyroid
epithelial
cell
membranes
bind
to
it
permanently
and
mimic
the
effects
of
TSH
binding.
This
results
in
continual
release
of
thyroid
hormones
into
the
bloodstream,
causing
the
symptoms
of
hyperthyroidism.
Morbidity
&
mortality
-
ANS...,
illness
&
deaths,
Morbidity
=
presence
of
disease
Mortality=
deaths
Bacteria
&
Fungi
-
ANS...,
Bacteria
are
larger,
easily
grown
in
the
lab,
and
can
be
seen
with
regular
microscopes.
Generally
they
can
be
treated
successfully
with
antibiotics
however,
many
bacteria
are
now
becoming
resistant
to
antibiotics.,
Fungi-
kingdom
of
complex
organisms
that
obtain
food
by
breaking
down
other
substances
in
their
surroundings
and
absorbing
the
nutrients.
Fungal
infection
mechanism
-
ANS...
Cytokine
-
ANS...
HIV
seronegativity
-
ANS...
Infectivity
-
ANS...,
Capacity
of
an
agent
to
enter
and
multiply
in
a
susceptible
host
and
thus
produce
infection
or
disease.
Pathogenicity
-
ANS...,
A
broad
concept
that
describes
an
organism's
potential
to
cause
infection
or
disease,
and
is
used
to
divide
pathogenic
microbes
into
one
of
two
groups.
Virulence
-
ANS...,
measure
of
pathogenicity.
Depends
on
the
strength
to
adhere
to
health
cells,
damage
cells
or
interfere
with
body's
normal
regulating
systems
and/or
white
blood
cells.
Toxigenicity
-
ANS...,
Ability
to
produce
disease
by
production
of
a
soluble
toxin,
such
as
hemolysin,
leukocidin,
other
exotoxins,
and
endotoxins. Rickettsial
infection
-
ANS..Rickettsiae
and
rickettsia-like
bacteria
are
an
unusual
type
of
bacteria
that
cause
several
diseases,
including
Rocky
Mountain
spotted
fever
and
epidemic
typhus.
These
bacteria
differ
from
most
other
bacteria
in
that
they
can
live
and
multiply
only
inside
the
cells
of
another
organism
(host)
and
cannot
survive
on
their
own
in
the
environment.
Ehrlichia,
Anaplasma,
and
Coxiella
burnetii
bacteria
are
similar
to
rickettsiae
and
cause
similar
diseases..
General
adaptation
response
-
ANS...
Stress
hormones
-
epinephrine,
norepinephrine,
cortisol,
ACTH
-
ANS...
Sympathetic
nervous
system
-
ANS...,
A
subdivision
of
the
autonomic
nervous
system
that
activates
nerves,
glands
and
visceral
muscles
in
times
of
stress
or
threat
(prepares
the
body
for
action),
Affects
both
the
ventricles
and
atrium
by
increasing
heart
rate,
conduction
and
irritability
Parasympathetic
nervous
system
-
ANS...,
A
subdivision
of
the
autonomic
nervous
system
that
calms
the
body
after
action
and
also
retains
the
body
functioning
at
is
normal
state
(homeostasis),
Nervous
system
which
mobilises
conserves
energy
and
resources
during
relaxed
states,
including
sleep.
Connective
tissue
cancers
-
ANS...,
Sarcomas
Carcinoma
-
ANS...,
Cancerous
tumor
that
arises
form
epithelial
tissue
and
can
invade
surrounding
tissue
and
metastasize
Tumor
cell
markers
-
ANS...,
substances
in
body
that
may
indicate
the
presence
of
cancer
cells;
tumor
markers
may
be
secreted
by
the
tumor
itself,
or
may
be
produced
in
the
body
in
response
to
cancer;
tumor
markers
are
generally
specific
for
a
certain
type
of
cancer
(prostate
specific
antigen
[PSA]
for
prostate
cancer);
tumor
markers
may
also
be
used
to
monitor
for
recurrence
of
cancer
or
to
evaluate
body's
response
to
cancer
treatment
Benign
tumors
-
ANS...,
These
types
of
tumors
are
self-contained,
localized,
with
a
well-defined
border;
the
grow
slowly
and
expand
outwards;
they
can
be
dangerous
if
they
restrict
blood
flow
in
tissue.
Malignant
tumors
-
ANS...,
Cells
are
undifferentiated,
with
anaplasia
(loss
of
differentiation)
and
atypical
structure
that
often
bears
little
resemblance
to
cells
in
the
tissue
of
origin
Cancer
and
pain
responses
-
ANS...
Symptoms
of
cancer
treatment
-
ANS...
Cancer
&
STD's
-
ANS...
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