NCE/Human Growth and Development 152 Questions and Answers New Year Update 2024 Solved 100%
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NCE/Human Growth and Development
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NCE/Human Growth And Development
Psychoanalytical Theories - ️️Assume that biological forces drive people and that the individaul must struggle to control or channel them. Believe developmental proceeds in stages, and that personality characteristic developed in childhood remain stable over time.
Sigmund Freud - ️️Belie...
NCE/Human Growth and Development Psychoanalytical Theories - ✔ ✔ Assume that biological forces drive people and that the individaul must struggle to control or channel them. Believe developmental proceeds in stages, and that personality characteristic developed i n childhood remain stable over time. Sigmund Freud - ✔ ✔ Believed biological drives (sex and aggression) were the primary motivators of human behavior. He believed that personality developed in psychosexual stages. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital - ✔ ✔ Pleasure focuses around the mouth -birth to 10mths, Pleasure focuses around the anus and the process of elimination -1 to 3 yrs. Pleasure focuses around the genitals -3 to 5 yrs. Dormancy of sexual desires -6 to 12 yrs. Erik Erikson - ✔ ✔ A)Erikson stres ses the role of social (verses sexual) factors and his stages of development each involve a different pshychosocial crises B) Erikson places greater emphasis on the ego than on the id C) Erikson views personality development as a process that continues thr oughout the lifespan and involves an increasing "widening circle" of contacts with significant individuals, social institutions, and cultural practices Trust vs Mistrust (sensory state infancy) - ✔ ✔ Birth -2yrs, If feeding is pleasent____develops. Parents are central to social expansion of the child. Autonomy vs.Shame - ✔ ✔ 2yrs, Growing mastery of motor skills. If not allowed some independence at this stage, child may begin to feel _____and begin doubting own powers. Parents are central expansion of the child. Initiative vs. Guilt - ✔ ✔ (Locomotor or genital age)3 -5yrs, Awareness begins to extend to other people and things. Curiosity develops. Sharing with others takes place as well as role exploration, which develops______. Parents are central to social exansion of the child. Industry vs. Inferiority - ✔ ✔ (School Age) 6yrs to adolescent, Child begins learning values and skills of society. Recognition for accomplishments promotes_____.Peers are central to social expansion of child. Identity vs. Role co nfusion - ✔ ✔ (Puberty and adolescense) 12 -18yrs, process of finding out "Who am I" Failure leads to fasle sense of self. Peers are central to social expansion of the child. Intimacy vs. Isolation - ✔ ✔ (Young Adulthood) The stage at which meaningful and intimate relationships are developed. Peers are central to social expansion of the young person. Generativity vs. Stagnation - ✔ ✔ (Middle Adulthood) The ability to continue producing, reproducing and developing vs. sitting back, not growing and futhering oneself. Partners and intimate friends are central to social expansion. Integrity vs. Despair - ✔ ✔ (Older Adulthood) Those who have been successful in solving life's crises reach ego_____. They look back with a sense of achievement as opposed to feeling of______because of an imcomplete life. Mankind is central to social expansion. Jane Loevinger -Ego Development - ✔ ✔ Like Erik Erikson theory, believes that stages are important in revealing one's impulsiveness, self -protectiveness, conformity, conscientiousness, and autonomy. Jane Loevinger -Stages of Ego Development - ✔ ✔ Presocial, Symbotic, Impuls ive, Self -protective, Conformist. Learning theorists - ✔ ✔ Believe that human beings are born neither good nor bad. The prominent idea is that people do nothing more than respond to their environment. Ivan Pavlov(Classical Conditioning) Uncondtional Stim ulus - ✔ ✔ The stimulus that already evokes an uconditional response. Ex. Meat(UCS) -->salivation (UCR). Conditioned Stimulus - ✔ ✔ The stimulus is paired with unconditined stimulus in hopes that it will eventually evoke a similar response when presented a lone. Conditioned Stimulus - ✔ ✔ After several pairings the CS (Bell) will hopefully be able to evoke a conditioned response (salivation) when presented without the UCS(meat). Systematic Desensitization -Classical - ✔ ✔ Developed by Joseph Wolpe from the work of Jacobsem (anxiety/fear) (relaxation response). Based upon principles of counterconditioning. Reactive or Internal Inhibition -Classical - ✔ ✔ Flooding, anxiety evoking stimulus is presented continuously, leading to fatigue and evetual unlearning. Counterconditioning -Classical - ✔ ✔ A stronger pleasant stimulus is paired with a weaker aversive stimulus. Aversive Conditioning -Classical - ✔ ✔ An alcoholic is given antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique i s called_____. The idea here is to pair the alcohol with an aversive, somewhat unpleasent stimulus to reduce the satisfaction of drinking it. Operant Conditioning -B.F.Skinner - ✔ ✔ A response is learned because of the consequences that follow. The organis m has to do something before it can be conditioned. B.F. Skinner -Primary Reinforcement - ✔ ✔ Reinforcement satisfies a primary need. Ex. Food. B.F.Skinner -Secondary Reinforcement - ✔ ✔ Reinforcement includes reinforcers that have somehow been associated with primary reinforcers in the past so that they acquired reinforcing qualities. Ex. Money
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