,1. Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the peristaltic
movements?
A. Mucosa
B. Submucosa
C. Muscularis
D. Serosa
Answer: C. Muscularis
Rationale: The muscularis layer is responsible for the peristaltic
movements that propel food through the digestive tract due to its smooth
muscle composition.
2. What is the primary function of the stomach's pyloric sphincter?
A. To regulate the release of food into the duodenum
B. To mix food with gastric juices
C. To absorb nutrients
D. To secrete digestive enzymes
Answer: A. To regulate the release of food into the duodenum
Rationale: The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially
digested food from the stomach to the duodenum, preventing backflow
and regulating the rate of gastric emptying.
3. Which of the following is a feature of the small intestine that increases
surface area for absorption?
A. Rugae
B. Haustra
C. Villi
D. Plicae circulares
Answer: C. Villi
Rationale: Villi are small, finger-like projections that increase the
surface area of the small intestine, enhancing its ability to absorb nutrients
effectively.
4. The enterohepatic circulation primarily involves the recycling of which
substance?
A. Glucose
B. Amino acids
C. Bile salts
D. Gastric acid
, Answer: C. Bile salts
Rationale: Enterohepatic circulation refers to the recycling process of
bile salts between the intestine and liver, which aids in the digestion and
absorption of fats.
5. What is the role of the gastrocolic reflex?
A. To stimulate gastric secretions
B. To increase colonic motility after food enters the stomach
C. To decrease heart rate during digestion
D. To regulate pancreatic enzyme secretion
Answer: B. To increase colonic motility after food enters the stomach
Rationale: The gastrocolic reflex triggers increased colonic motility in
response to food entering the stomach, facilitating the movement of
contents through the digestive tract.
6. Which condition is characterized by the backward flow of stomach acid
into the esophagus?
A. Peptic ulcer disease
B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
C. Crohn's disease
D. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Answer: B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Rationale: GERD is a condition where stomach acid frequently flows
back into the tube connecting the mouth and stomach (esophagus), leading
to symptoms like heartburn.
7. The presence of chyme in the duodenum stimulates the release of which
hormone?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Secretin
D. Gastrin
Answer: C. Secretin
Rationale: Secretin is released in response to acidic chyme entering the
duodenum; it stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluids to
neutralize the acidity.
8. Which part of the colon is primarily involved in water and electrolyte
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