TEST BANK for Social Psychology, 5th Edition By Tom Gilovich, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen, Richard
Nisbett
TEST BANK for Social
Psychology, 5th Edition By Tom
Gilovich, Dacher Keltner,
Serena Chen, Richard Nisbett
Test Bank Page 1
,TEST BANK for Social Psychology, 5th Edition By Tom Gilovich, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen, Richard
Nisbett
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY NOTES
CHAPTER 1 TERMS AND EXAMPLES:
Social Psychology
-The scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors in social situations
-Related to cognitive psychology
Social Psychologists
-Seek to understand how individuals act in relation to others in social situations and why
Hannah Arendt
-Are we all capable of acts of brutality?
-People are just “obeying orders” or “doing their job”? – Ex: Adolf Eichmann, the architect of
Hitler‟s plan was not as perverse and brutal as everyone thought he might be, he was rather more
boring and obeyed orders from the hierarchy.
Situational Forces vs. Person’s Own Behavior
-They are used together
The Milgram Experiment
-Experiment on social influence
-Participants were told it was a study of the effects of punishment on learning
-Learner and Teacher
-The Learner was a fake, and the volunteer always became the teacher
-The Teacher was told to administer shocks of 15 to 450 volts to the learner if they did not
answer the questions correctly
-Most “teachers” became more concerned as the shocking increased with the damage that would
be done to the “learners”
-They were told by the man in the white coat, the experimenter, to “please continue as it is vital
for us to get the results”
-80% of participants continued past the 150 volt level, 62.5% went all the way to 450 volts
-The question is: what made these participants continue despite their knowledge that they might
Test Bank Page 2
,TEST BANK for Social Psychology, 5th Edition By Tom Gilovich, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen, Richard
Nisbett
be harming another person to the point of incredibly damage?
The Power of the Situation and Helping:
-The likelihood that an individual will help another person in need depends heavily on situational
factors, such as being in a hurry
-The mundane fact that people are in a hurry is such a powerful situational factor that it overrides
people‟s helpful tendencies
Ex: People dropping books, who will stop to help?
Dispositions
-Internal factors such as beliefs, values, personality traits or abilities that guide a person‟s
behavior
The Fundamental Attribution Error
-The failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior, with the tendency
to overemphasize the importance of dispositions/traits on behavior
Ex: people who look at situational factors before assuming the person has dispositions that match
the behavior
Channel Factors
-Certain situational circumstances that appear unimportant on the surface but can have great
consequences for behavior, either facilitating or blocking it or guiding behavior in a particular
direction
-something that facilitates behavior, something that you do that makes you want to get there
ex: students shown a map and getting somewhere
The Role of Construal
-People‟s interpretation and inference about the stimuli or situations they confront
-Often unconscious attitudes that we think about things or situations
-Our perceptions about people or things, change or drive our behavior toward them
Test Bank Page 3
, TEST BANK for Social Psychology, 5th Edition By Tom Gilovich, Dacher Keltner, Serena Chen, Richard
Nisbett
Gestalt Principles and Perception
-German word meaning figure or form
-Many people perceive objects not by means of some automatic registering device but by active,
usually unconscious interpretation, of what the object represents as a whole
Ex: The white triangle on page 14 isn‟t actually there, it is what we perceive from the holes in
the other triangle, our mind finishes the drawing for us
Prisoner’s Dilemma Game
-How construal can operate to define a situation and dictate behavior
-A game that involves 2 people who must decide whether to “cooperate” or to “defect” - In the
end, trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs than mistrust and defection
-If both participants cooperate (deny the crime), they make money
-If both participants defect (admit the crime), they don‟t get anything
-If one participant defects and the other doesn‟t, the defector wins a lot of money and the
cooperator loses a small amount
-In a study at Stanford University, the students were put into two categories for this game. One
called “The Wall Street game” and the other “the Community game.” The majority of students
playing the “Wall Street game” played in a competitive fashion, whereas the students in the
“Community game” played in a more cooperative fashion.
-The terminology and wording of the game names seemed to construe dispositions and exert its
influence of people playing
-the effect of priming
Schema
-A knowledge structure consisting of any organized body of stored information
-Commonly encountered situations
-Generalized knowledge about the physical and social world
-Capture the regularities of life and lead of us to have certain expectations we can rely on so that
we don‟t have to invent anew all the time
Ex: Our schema of a pizza shop leads us to order at the counter, wait for the pizza and then leave,
whereas our schema of a restaurant leads us to sit down, order from the menu, eat, relax and then
Test Bank Page 4
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