NIU NURS 308- Exam 3 Questions with complete solutions

What are the causes of neutropenia? - Prolonged severe infection Decreased production of neutrophils Reduced survival of neutrophils Abnormal nuetrophil distribution and sequestration What is neutropenia? - A reduction in the neutrophils circulating in the blood stream What is the etiology of polycythemia? - It is an overproduction of red blood cells. There are two kinds, relative and absolute (also splits into primary and secondary absolute) What is relative polycythemia? - It is a overproduction of RBC's as a result of dehydration. The fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values. (so it's not neccesarily that there is more RBC it's just that there is less of everything else) What is absolute polycythemia? - Primary- is from an abnormality of stem cells in the bone marrowso the bone marrow produces too much (polycythemia vera) Secondary- Is an increase in erythropoietin as a normal response to chronic hypoxia (COPD- has to produce more RBC to get O2 everywhere) or an inappropriate response to erythropoietin-secreting tumors What is the difference between stable and unstable angina? - What are the factors that affect stroke volume? - What are the factors that affect cardiac output? - What are the different types of shock? What is the pathophysiology of those? - How does right sided heart failure manifest? - How does left sided heart failure manifest? - What is hemolytic anemia? What are the body's compensatory mechanisms for it? - Hemolytic anemia is a premature destruction of RBC. The compensatory mechanisms is that the body tries to make more RBC and it does, but the body is still destroying more because of the shortened lifespan of the RBC What is the etiology for rheumatic fever? How do you treat it? - What is the pathophysiology of a cardiac tamponade? - What is the pathophysiology of pericardial effusion? - What is the pathophysiology of ITP? - ITP is idiopathic (Immune) thrombocytopenic purpura What happens here is that the IgG antibody that targets platelet glycoproteins. This causes the antibody coated platelets to be sequestered and removed from the circulation. ==== It is autoimmune, and the platelets are more susceptible to phagocytosis. The acute form of ITP often develops after a viral infection and it is one of the most common childhood bleeding disorders. What are the manifestations of Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura? - petechiae and purpura- bleeding underneath the skin which progresses to major hemorrhage and widespread bleeding. It causes more bleeding, but less clotting.