Church History Final Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

Church History Final Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Treaty of Verdun - Answer-Divided Charlemagne's empire (east, west, middle) between 3 grandsons Feudalism - Answer-System of organization that replaced Carolingian empire Led to increased secular influence on the church Cistercians - Answer-"White monks" Simplicity, farming, poverty Carthusians - Answer-Combined eremitic and cenobitic lifestyles Founded by St. Bruno Saint Bernard of Clairvaux - Answer-Second founder of Cistercians Focused on scriptures and church fathers Wrote rules for Knights Templar Cluny - Answer-Center of monastic reform Emphasized individual spirituality of each monk Lay investiture - Answer-Appointment of bishops and other church offices by secular rulers Simony - Answer-The selling of church offices nepotism - Answer-favoritism to relatives Viking invasions (collapse, corruption, reform) - Answer-Attacked Europe from the north destroyed monasteries in England, Ireland, and Scotland (Round towers for protection) Dictatus Papae - Answer-Pope Gregory VII Specific powers rest with pope alone (convene councils, define teaching of faith, appoint transfer & remove bishops, dispose of temporal rulers) Concordat of Worms - Answer-Gathering that sought to establish division of powers between secular and ecclesiastical rulers (Separation of Church and State) Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 - Answer-• promised remissions of sins for joining the crusades to recapture the Holy Land • Encouraged Western fo support Eastern Christians Spread of Islam speed - Answer-Very very quick Battle of Manzikert - Answer-1071 Battle prompted Crusades Turks attacked Constantinople and took over 2/3 of Christian lands Goals of Crusades - Answer-stop Muslim/Turkish expansion Reclaim/free Holy Land for safe pilgrimage Causes of Crusades - Answer-Battle of Manzikert Council of Clermont effects of Crusades - Answer-Very little militarily Kept Islam/Turks from expanding for 400 years Advancement in military technology Led to flourishing western culture Knights Templar - Answer-Oldest Founded by French to protect pilgrims Rule written by St. Bernard of Clairvaux Well known for BANKING Knights Hospitalers - Answer-Devoted to caring for sick pilgrims Medical corps for injured Crusades (Knights of Malta today) Motivation of Crusaders - Answer-Rewards by God Reduced tax and debts Protection of family St. Bernard of Clairvaux - Answer-Inspired thousands to join Second Crusade Called Crusades the criminals, sinners, etc. Own communities BENEFITTED most from them leaving St. Francis of Assisi - Answer-Went to Holy Land to convert Sultan Met daily to discuss religion and started a friendship with Sultan Franciscans today maintain control over Holy sites bc of this Spanish vs French Inquisition - Answer-Spanish: a special church institution for combating or suppressing heresy; more of a chance to live and repent France: to stop the spread of Albigensianism and would do so by burning people at stake immediately Dominican and Franciscan role in Inquisition - Answer-Chosen to be judges of inquisitions because of theological training and not easily influenced by secular word Albigensians - Answer-- Soul is good and body & matter is evil - jesus never took on human body, died on the cross, and redemption didn't achieve remission of sins Albigensian threat - Answer-- Followers killed legate of pope, so Pope Innocent III called a crusade against them - didn't follow secular or religious authority Ferdinand and Isabella - Answer-King and Queen of Spain Reconquista - Answer-the Christian "reconquest" of the Iberian Peninsula that pushed out Muslim invaders Completed in 1492 Battle of Tours (732) - Answer-Frankish army let by Charles Martel repelled a Muslim invasion of Western Europe Battle of Constantinople - Answer-in 1453 the city fell to the Ottoman Turks. Marks the end of the Byzantine Empire University system - Answer-Modeled off of feudal guilds Provided specialized training under apprentice Schools out of cathedrals and monasteries Only unmarried men ages 12-15 who could read and write Latin Scholasticism - Answer-Method of inquiry aimed at discovering the highest truths of philosophy and theology (St. Anselm is father of Scholasticism) St. Thomas Aquinas - Answer-Dominican Friar Family held him captive to destroy vocation Used Aristotle's work