Communicative Language Teaching
(CLT)
7 language functions (Halliday) - correct answer-1. Instrumental: to get things
2. Regulatory: to control behavior of others
3. Interactional: to create interaction with others
4. Personal: to express personal feelings and meanings
5. Heuristic: to learn and to discover
6. Imaginative: to create
7. Representational: to communication information
Approach - correct answer-Widdowson
-- relation between linguistic systems and their communicative values in text and discourse;
communicative acts underlying the ability to use language for different purposes
Canale & Swain
-- grammatical competence: linguistic competence
-- sociolinguistic competence: understanding of the social context
-- discourse competence: interpretation of the message elements in terms of their
interconnectedness
-- strategic competence: coping strategies to initiate, maintain, terminate, repair, and redirect
communication
Criticisms of CLT - correct answer-- promotes fossilization: over-emphasis on communication
and fluency at the expense of accuracy = fossilized errors
- reflects "native-speakerism": BANA (Britain, Australasia, North America) context (learner's
needs, motivation, teaching methods, and objectives) are taken as the norm for the world
- not applicable in different cultures of learning: not successful in non-european contexts
(different beliefs about the nature of teaching and learning)
- reflects a Western-based top-down approach innovations. Communicative syllabus does
not capture diversity of students' needs and goals
Language learning is the result of - correct answer-- interaction between learner and users of
the language
- collaborative creation of meaning
- creating meaningful and purposeful interaction through language
- negotiation of meaning as the learner and the interlocutor arrive at the understanding
- learning through attending to the feedback learners get when they use the language
- paying attention to the language one hears (input) and trying to incorporate new forms into
one's developing communicative competence
- trying out and experimenting with different ways of saying things
- learning as social mediation between learner and another during which socially acquired
knowledge becomes internal to the learner
- learning facilitated through scaffolding by an expert or fellow learner
- learning through collaborative dialogue centering on structured cooperative tasks
, Learner roles - correct answer-- participating in cooperation-based classroom activities
- having the joint responsibility (speaker and listener) of communication
Main characteristics - correct answer-- language = system to express meaning
- primary function of language = allow interaction and communication
- structure of language reflects its functional and communicative uses
- primary units of language are not merely its grammatical and structural features, but
categories of functional and communicative meaning as exemplified in discourse
- communicative competence entails knowing how to use language for a range of different
purposes and functions as well as the following dimensions:
-- knowing how to vary use of language according to the setting and the participants (formal
or informal use)
- knowing how to produce and understand different types of texts (narratives, reports,
interview, conversations)
- knowing how to maintain communication despite having limitations in one's language
knowledge (compensatory strategies)
Major influences of CLT - correct answer-- learner autonomy: choice over content and
processes
- social nature of learning: joint reponsibility of meaning making
- curricular integration: English is linked to other subject matters as in CLIL and TBI
- focus on meaning: meaning as the driving force of learning as in CBI
- diversity: emphasis on developing students' use and awareness of learning strategies
- thinking skills: developing higher-order thinking skills (critical and creative thinking)
-alternative assessment: observation, interviews, journal, portfolios as opposed to traditional
assessment (pen and paper tests, MC tests)
- teachers as co-learners : facilitator trying out different alternative (learning through doing)
Objectives - correct answer-General/Specific
- general goals and syllabus: topic-based, function-based, skill-based syllabus
- specific goals and syllabus: ESP,EAP: specific objectives based on the context of teaching
and learning
Procedure - correct answer-- description of a typical CLT classroom is not feasible because
communicative principles can be applied to any class, at any level, and any skills
- typical procedure of text-based materials
-- pre-communicative activities
--- structural activities (dialog forms and grammatical forms)
--- quasi-communicative activities (controlled practice)
-- communicative activities
--- functional communication activities (information gap, sorting out a series of events)
--- social interaction activities (conversations, discussions, dialogues, role plays, debated
Role of instructional materials - correct answer-Primary role of promoting communicative
language use
- text-based materials
-- textbooks mainly written based on a structural syllabus with the integration of functions,
topics, grammar, vocabulary, and the four skills
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