When does simplified Bernoulli equation not apply in aortic valve assessment?
Ans- When proximal velocity is > 1.5 m/sec
Doppler frequency shift equation
Ans- Doppler shift = (2 x velocity of sample relative to source x transducer
frequency x cos[θ]) / speed of sound in the tissue
Will lo...
3. Symptoms, blood pressure fall, or significant arrhythmia.
,4. Positive result obtained, which is defined as:
A. An increase in AVA to a final area >1 cm2
B. AS jet velocity ≥4 m/sec or mean gradient >30-40 mm Hg
C. Absence of contractile reserve (failure to increase the stroke volume by
>20%).
What is duty factor? And how does changing depth affect this?
Ans- The percentage of time that the ultrasound system is transmitting sound
(pulses). More depth decreases duty factor
ACC Stages of MR
Ans- A: at risk, no hemodynamic consequences
B: progressive, not severe, some hemodynamic consequences
C1: severe, asymptomatic, LVESD < 40 mm, LVEF > 60
C2: severe, asymptomatic, LVESD > 40 mm or LVEF < 60
D: symptomatic severe
, Wilkins Score
Ans-
PHT and DT relationship
Ans- PHT = 0.29 x DT
MVA and PHT
Ans- 220/PHT
MVA and DT
Ans- 759/DT
MR Carpentier Class
Ans- Type 1: normal leaflet position and movement
Type 2: excess movement
Type 3a: Restrictive motion in systole and diastole (rheumatic, MAC, drug
induced)
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