Treatment of Hypothermia
~ Rewarming
Passive rewarming
Active total rewarming
Active core rewarming
Support of vital functions
Prevention and treatment of complications
Aerobic or Endurance Exercise
~ The use of oxygen for transforming substrates such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino
...
NUR 612 EXAM 1
Questions and Answers
Endocrine System
✓~ System composed of various glands that can synthesize and release special chemical
messengers called hormones.
System works closely with the Nervous System and the Immune system to regulate and
integrate body functions.
Functions:
Growth and development
Sexual differentiation
Metabolism
Adaptation to an ever-changing environment
Regulation of digestion
Use and storage of nutrients
Electrolyte and water metabolism
Reproductive functions
Hormones
,✓~ Endocrine system uses chemical substances called hormones as a means of
regulating and integrating body functions.
Hormones are thought of as chemical messengers produced to target a specific cell.
They do NOT initiate reactions but function as a modulator of cellular and systemic
responses.
Function as chemical messengers
Move through the blood to distant target sites of action
Or, act more locally as paracrine or autocrine messengers that incite more local
effects
Most are present in body fluids at all times in greater or lesser amounts as needed.
Characteristics
A single hormone can exert various effects in different tissues.
A single function can be regulated by several hormones.
Types of Hormone Actions
✓~ Hormones are released in one location but can have the biologic effect either in that
location of release or somewhere else
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
,Intracrine
Endocrine
✓~ Hormones are released in the circulation to act on a target organ (between remote
cells)
Paracrine
✓~ Hormones acts locally in cells other than that produced the hormones Ex: sex steroids
in ovary (between local cells)
Hormones acting locally on cells other than those that produced the hormone
For example, the action of sex steroids on the ovary
Autocrine
✓~ Hormones exert action on the cells from which they are produced ex: insulin (on the
cell that produced them)
Hormones exerting action on the cells from which they were produced
For example, the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells can inhibit its release
from the same cells
, Intracrine
✓~ Hormone action is within the cell that produced the hormone
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
✓~ Hormones interact with high-affinity receptors.
These are linked to one or more effector system in the cell.
Hormone receptors may be located in the plasma membrane of the cell (surface of
the cell) or in the intracellular compartment (inside the cell) of the target cell.
The vesicle mediated pathway
✓~ Protein and polypeptide hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles in the
cytoplasm of the endocrine cell until secretion is required. Stimulation of the endocrine cell
causes the vesicles to move to the cell membrane and release their hormones.
Non-vesicle mediated pathway
✓~ Hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and released upon
synthesis. Ex.: Steroid hormones
Actions of Hormones Released
into the Bloodstream
✓~ Circulate as free, unbound molecules
Peptide hormones and protein hormones usually circulate unbound in the blood.
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