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respiratiory
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207Respiratory Diseases
Respiratory diseases are diseases 01 the gas exchange Such diseases have different causes and different symptoms
system. including diseases of the lung. bronchial lubes. trachea, (below) but all are charactenzed by dllficulty in breathing and the
and upper respiratory tract. Respiratory diseases include mild end result is Similar in that gas exchange rates are too low to meet
and self-limiling diseases such as the common cold, to lile- metabolic requirements. Non-Infectious respiratory diseases are
threatening Infections such as tuberculOSIs. One in SIX people strongly correlated with certain behaviOrS and are made worse
In the US is affected by some form of chronic lung disease, the by exposure to air pollutants. Obstructive diseases, such a s
most common being asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema, a re associated with an Infl ammatory response o f
disease (Including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), Non· the lung to noxious par ticles o r gases, most commonly tobacco
infectious respiratory diseases are categorized according to smoke. In contrast, scarring (fibrosis ) of the lung tissu e underlies
whether they prevent air reaching the alveoli (obstructive) or restrictive lung diseases such as asbestosis and silicosIs. Such
whether they affect the gas exchange tissue itself (restricti ve). diseases are often called occupational lung diseases.
Chronic bronchitis Asthma emphysema A peak flow meter
Excess mt.IClIS bIod<s ThK:JI.oomg 01 bronchiole waif Destf1JCf1Ofl 01 capllanes and IS a smaN, hand·
8lrway. l6admg to and musclB hypertrophy. stfr.JCtU(es Supporting the small held dtMc:e used to
mffammat/Of! and mfectlOll BronchIOles na"ow. airways and lung tiSSue mOllitor a person's
abil.ty to breathe OUI
air. It measu,es the
Muscle airflow through the
\
bronchi and thus the
\\
degree of obstruction
Mucus
Airway
'""'" "~.,,
Capillary
Obstructi ve lung disease
- passage blockage- Scaml1Q (fibroSJs) makes the IUf19
tissue SllilfJ{ and prevents adequate
In obstructive lung diseases, a gas exchange
blockage prevents the air gel\1ng
to the gas exchange surface.
The flow of air may be obstructed
because of constriction of the
8Ifways (as In asthma), excess
mucus secretJ()f\ (as in chroniC
bronchil ls), or because of
reduced lung elasticity. which
causes atveoli and small airways
to collapse (as in emphysema).
Shortness of breath IS a symptom
in all cases and chronic bronchi-
tis Is also associated with a
persistent cough.
ChronIC bronchitiS and emphy- Re strlct l\le rung disease
sema often occur together and - scarring -
are commonly associated With
clgarene smoking, but can also Reslflctlve lung diseases are
occur With chr()f\IC exposure to air charact6nzed by scarring or
pollution. fibrosis Within the gas exchange
tissue of the lung (above). As a
result of the scarring. the lung
!issue becomes stifter and more
difficult to expand, leading to
shortness of breath.
Restricllve lung diseases are
usually the result of exposure to
inhaled substances (especially
dusts) in the environment,
including Inorganic dusts such
as Silica, asbestos, or coal dust.
and organic dusts, such as
those Irom bird droppings or
moldy hay. Like most respira tory
SEM 01 asbeslos fibers. Asbeslos has diseases, the symptoms are
dille rent tOXICity dependmg on the type exacerbated by poor air quality
Corne IylM's are very lr",bI". '''1....'''''\1 (SUCh as occurs In smoggy
hbelS Into the air, where they can be cities).
i eaSlty Inhaled
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