PSYC 335 Final Exam Questions And
100% Accurate Answers.
Who is responsible for defining the construct of self efficacy? - Answer Albert Bandura
Who did Bandura draw his definition from? - Answer John Locke, David Hume, William James and
Gilbert Ryle
What did these thinkers believe self efficacy involved? - Answer 1- related to sense of personal control
2- focused on wilfulness or volition (power of using one's will)
How did Bandura define self efficacy? - Answer People's beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired
effects by their own actions
How does Maddux describe self efficacy? - Answer 1- what I believe I can do with my skills under
certain conditions
2- based on examination of what needs to be done in order to reach a desired goal (outcome
expectancies) the person then analyses his or her capability to complete the necessary actions (efficacy
expectancies)
What does research indicate on outcome vs. efficacy expectancies? - Answer 1- Bandura views
outcome expectancies as far LESS important
2- found that outcome expectancies do not add much to efficacy expectancies when predicting various
human actions
**situation-specific self efficacy thoughts are proposed to be last and most crucial cognitive step before
people launch goal-directed actions
Where does self efficacy come from? - Answer Learned human behaviour rather than genetically
endowed
**begins in infancy and continues throughout life
,What theory is self efficacy based on? - Answer Social cognitive theory: holds that humans actively
shape their lives rather than passively reacting to environmental forces
What 3 ideas is social cognitive theory based on? - Answer 1- humans have powerful symbolizing
capacities for cognitively creating models
2- by observing themselves in relation to these cognitive models, people then become skilled at self-
regulating their actions as they navigate ongoing environmental events - these cognitive reactions
influence surrounding environmental forces that in turn shape subsequent thoughts and actions
3- people and their personalities are a result of these situation specific, reciprocal interactions of
thoughts -> environments -> thoughts
Explain how a child learns self efficacy (based on social cognitive theory). - Answer Uses symbolic
thinking, with specific reference to understanding of cause and effect relationships and learns self-
efficacious, self referential thinking by observing how she or he can influence the surrounding
circumstances
As proposed by Bandura, what are the developmental antecedents of self efficacy? - Answer 1-
previous successes in similar situations
2- modelling on others in the same situations
3- imagining oneself behaving effectively to secure a wanted goal
4- undergoing verbal persuasion by powerful, trustworthy, expert and attractive other people
5- arousal and emotion - why physiologically aroused and experiencing negative emotions, our self
efficacy may be undermined BUT arousal paired with positive emotions heightens the sense of self
efficacy
What are some sex differences in terms of self efficacy? - Answer 1- US: women found to exhibit higher
levels of self efficacy in language arts than males
2- men had higher self efficacy in areas of study like math, social sciences and computer sciences
What are some gender differences in terms of self efficacy? - Answer 1- masculinity found to predict
self efficacy for technological pursuits, regardless of biological sex
2- both men and women who had more masculine traits had higher self efficacy in technology
,Explain how self efficacy may differ in pursuits. - Answer Self efficacy for science stemmed from
vicarious learning experiences for females and mastery experiences for males
What are some cultural differences in terms of self efficacy? - Answer 1- US: rated abilities in math and
science as HIGH, even when performed poorly
2- Japanese and Korean students: low self efficacy was found even in face of high levels of performance
3- certain groups have been limited in some ways with regard to being 'allowed' to engage in certain
types of roles and activities throughout history
How could we fix this last point? - Answer 1- could include more diverse curriculum showing girls and
women as leaders
2- might influence girls' perspectives on what they can be
What is involved in the neurobiology of self efficacy? - Answer 1- frontal and pre-frontal lobes -
facilitate prioritization of goals and planful thinking crucial for self efficacy
2- when faced with goal directed tasks: right hemisphere of brain reacts to dilemmas as relayed by
linguistic and abstract left hemisphere processes
3- also traced to underlying biological variables that facilitate coping - self efficacy yields sense of control
that leads to production of neuroendocrines and catecholamines
4- level of catecholamines have been found to mirror level of felt self efficacy
5- self efficacy has been found to lessen cardiac reactivity and lower blood pressure
What is Bandura's belief about how self efficacy can be tested or measured? - Answer 1- holds the
situational perspective - self efficacy should reflect beliefs about using abilities and skills to reach given
goals in specific circumstances or domains
2- SO efficacy should be measured in terms of particularized judgments of capacity that may vary across
realms of activity, under diff levels of task demands, within a given domain and under diff situational
circumstances
What are some situation-specific examples of real world self efficacy scales? - Answer 1- Occupational
Questionnaire
2- Career Counselling Self Efficacy Scale
, 3- Internet Self Efficacy Scale
4- Social and Emotional Self Efficacy Scales
5- Childbirth Self Efficacy Scale
6- Career Self-Efficacy Scale
7- Coping Self-Efficacy Scale 8- Memory Self-Efficacy Scale
What perspective has Bandura consistently argued against? - Answer Trait perspective: psychological
phenomena are viewed as enduring over time and circumstances
What are dispositional measures of self-efficacy? - Answer 1- Self-Efficacy Scale
2- New General Self-Efficacy Scale
What is a self efficacy scale measuring based on this trait perspective? - Answer Self Efficacy Scale:
respondents agree about general self efficacy statements - provides evidence that self efficacy
experiences involving personal mastery can generalize to actions that transcend any given target
behaviour
When using situation specific self efficacy scales, what does higher self efficacy consistently predict? -
Answer 1- lower anxiety
2- higher pain tolerance
3- better academic performance
4- more political participation
5- effective dental practices
6- continuation of smoking cessation programs
7- adoption of diet and exercise regimes
How does self efficacy play a role in psychological adjustment? - Answer 1- lower self efficacy has been
linked with depression, avoidance and anxiety
2- higher self efficacy has been helpful in overcoming eating disorders and abuse
3- may play a role in success of treatment aimed at interpersonal behaviour of out-patients dealing with
schizophrenia
100% Accurate Answers.
Who is responsible for defining the construct of self efficacy? - Answer Albert Bandura
Who did Bandura draw his definition from? - Answer John Locke, David Hume, William James and
Gilbert Ryle
What did these thinkers believe self efficacy involved? - Answer 1- related to sense of personal control
2- focused on wilfulness or volition (power of using one's will)
How did Bandura define self efficacy? - Answer People's beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired
effects by their own actions
How does Maddux describe self efficacy? - Answer 1- what I believe I can do with my skills under
certain conditions
2- based on examination of what needs to be done in order to reach a desired goal (outcome
expectancies) the person then analyses his or her capability to complete the necessary actions (efficacy
expectancies)
What does research indicate on outcome vs. efficacy expectancies? - Answer 1- Bandura views
outcome expectancies as far LESS important
2- found that outcome expectancies do not add much to efficacy expectancies when predicting various
human actions
**situation-specific self efficacy thoughts are proposed to be last and most crucial cognitive step before
people launch goal-directed actions
Where does self efficacy come from? - Answer Learned human behaviour rather than genetically
endowed
**begins in infancy and continues throughout life
,What theory is self efficacy based on? - Answer Social cognitive theory: holds that humans actively
shape their lives rather than passively reacting to environmental forces
What 3 ideas is social cognitive theory based on? - Answer 1- humans have powerful symbolizing
capacities for cognitively creating models
2- by observing themselves in relation to these cognitive models, people then become skilled at self-
regulating their actions as they navigate ongoing environmental events - these cognitive reactions
influence surrounding environmental forces that in turn shape subsequent thoughts and actions
3- people and their personalities are a result of these situation specific, reciprocal interactions of
thoughts -> environments -> thoughts
Explain how a child learns self efficacy (based on social cognitive theory). - Answer Uses symbolic
thinking, with specific reference to understanding of cause and effect relationships and learns self-
efficacious, self referential thinking by observing how she or he can influence the surrounding
circumstances
As proposed by Bandura, what are the developmental antecedents of self efficacy? - Answer 1-
previous successes in similar situations
2- modelling on others in the same situations
3- imagining oneself behaving effectively to secure a wanted goal
4- undergoing verbal persuasion by powerful, trustworthy, expert and attractive other people
5- arousal and emotion - why physiologically aroused and experiencing negative emotions, our self
efficacy may be undermined BUT arousal paired with positive emotions heightens the sense of self
efficacy
What are some sex differences in terms of self efficacy? - Answer 1- US: women found to exhibit higher
levels of self efficacy in language arts than males
2- men had higher self efficacy in areas of study like math, social sciences and computer sciences
What are some gender differences in terms of self efficacy? - Answer 1- masculinity found to predict
self efficacy for technological pursuits, regardless of biological sex
2- both men and women who had more masculine traits had higher self efficacy in technology
,Explain how self efficacy may differ in pursuits. - Answer Self efficacy for science stemmed from
vicarious learning experiences for females and mastery experiences for males
What are some cultural differences in terms of self efficacy? - Answer 1- US: rated abilities in math and
science as HIGH, even when performed poorly
2- Japanese and Korean students: low self efficacy was found even in face of high levels of performance
3- certain groups have been limited in some ways with regard to being 'allowed' to engage in certain
types of roles and activities throughout history
How could we fix this last point? - Answer 1- could include more diverse curriculum showing girls and
women as leaders
2- might influence girls' perspectives on what they can be
What is involved in the neurobiology of self efficacy? - Answer 1- frontal and pre-frontal lobes -
facilitate prioritization of goals and planful thinking crucial for self efficacy
2- when faced with goal directed tasks: right hemisphere of brain reacts to dilemmas as relayed by
linguistic and abstract left hemisphere processes
3- also traced to underlying biological variables that facilitate coping - self efficacy yields sense of control
that leads to production of neuroendocrines and catecholamines
4- level of catecholamines have been found to mirror level of felt self efficacy
5- self efficacy has been found to lessen cardiac reactivity and lower blood pressure
What is Bandura's belief about how self efficacy can be tested or measured? - Answer 1- holds the
situational perspective - self efficacy should reflect beliefs about using abilities and skills to reach given
goals in specific circumstances or domains
2- SO efficacy should be measured in terms of particularized judgments of capacity that may vary across
realms of activity, under diff levels of task demands, within a given domain and under diff situational
circumstances
What are some situation-specific examples of real world self efficacy scales? - Answer 1- Occupational
Questionnaire
2- Career Counselling Self Efficacy Scale
, 3- Internet Self Efficacy Scale
4- Social and Emotional Self Efficacy Scales
5- Childbirth Self Efficacy Scale
6- Career Self-Efficacy Scale
7- Coping Self-Efficacy Scale 8- Memory Self-Efficacy Scale
What perspective has Bandura consistently argued against? - Answer Trait perspective: psychological
phenomena are viewed as enduring over time and circumstances
What are dispositional measures of self-efficacy? - Answer 1- Self-Efficacy Scale
2- New General Self-Efficacy Scale
What is a self efficacy scale measuring based on this trait perspective? - Answer Self Efficacy Scale:
respondents agree about general self efficacy statements - provides evidence that self efficacy
experiences involving personal mastery can generalize to actions that transcend any given target
behaviour
When using situation specific self efficacy scales, what does higher self efficacy consistently predict? -
Answer 1- lower anxiety
2- higher pain tolerance
3- better academic performance
4- more political participation
5- effective dental practices
6- continuation of smoking cessation programs
7- adoption of diet and exercise regimes
How does self efficacy play a role in psychological adjustment? - Answer 1- lower self efficacy has been
linked with depression, avoidance and anxiety
2- higher self efficacy has been helpful in overcoming eating disorders and abuse
3- may play a role in success of treatment aimed at interpersonal behaviour of out-patients dealing with
schizophrenia
