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SBCP: Microbiology Exam | Questions and Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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SBCP: Microbiology Exam | Questions and Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |100% Verified
Hepatitis B virus - DNA Hepdnavirus
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) - Flavivirus - ssRNA
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Retrovirus - RNA
Infects immune cells - CD4 lymphocytes & macrophages
3 routes of blood borne transmission - 1. Penetrative intercourse
2. Contaminated blood (transfusions, IV drug use)
3. Vertical e.g. breastfeeding, crossing placenta
HBV infection - Long incubation period 6wks -6months
Non-specific prodrome fever and malaise
50% are asymptomatic
Consequences of HBV - Chronic active hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV E antigen - E antigen is form of HBV core antigen
High grade infection
High risk of onward transmission
Likely to develop sequelae
HBV Markers - HBsAg - current infection
,HB Core antibody IgG - past or present infection
HB Core antibody IgM - recent infection
Anti-HBsAg - immunity
e antigen - high grade
HBV DNA - Response to treatment
HBV treatment - Interferon + Lamivudine
Note; Many patients will become resistant to Lamivudine - monitor HBV DNA
HCV Clinical features - Usually asymptomatic in acute stage
70% develop chronic infection
May develop cirrhosis & HCC
HCV markers - HCV antibody - past/present infection
HCV RNA (PCR) - current infection (antibody +/PCR - = past infection)
HCV genotype - guides treatment (Type 1 - poor response - 12 months of treatment vs. Type 3 - good
response - 6 months treatment)
HCV treatment - Interferon
Ribavirin
HCV DNA to assess response
HIV clinical features - Immunosuppression due to reduction in T cell function
Primary HIV: 10-25 days post exposure - glandular fever like illness, lymphadenopathy, rash, fever
AIDs: Meant time from exposure to AIDS ~8years - opportunistic infections, weight loss
Key opportunistic infections in HIV - CMV (Retinitis)
, EBV (Lymphoma)
JC polyomavirus (encephalopathy)
Mycobacteria (TB)
Toxoplasma (CNS infection)
Cryptosporidia (Blood diarrhoea)
Candida (Oesophageal infection)
Pneumocystis (Pneumonia)
Cryptococcus neoformans (Meningitis)
HIV diagnosis - Presence of HIV antibody - ELISA
HIV treatment - Antiretroviral therapy (ART) - suppression rather than cure
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
HIV assess response to treatment - Viral load
CD4 lymphocyte count
Mutational analysis for drug resistance
HIV mother to baby transmission prevention - C-section
ART to mother and baby
Avoidance of breast feeding
Reduces transmission from 16-1%
Causes of bacterial diarrhoea - Campylobacter (assoc. with Guillain Barre)
Salmonella
Shigella
E.coli
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