Intro to Clinical Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6) Study Guide with Complete Solutions

Intro to Clinical Exam 1 (Ch. 1-6) Study Guide with Complete Solutions Clinical psychology began when... - Answer️️ -Early 20th century (1900s) with Sigmund Freud's psychodynamics in Europe - psychoanalysis:"Road to the Unconscious" book, free association, dream work, personality development (id, ego, superego), psychosexual stage of development, defense mechanisms Who, when, and where was the first psych clinical? - Answer️️ -Lightner Witmer - - founder of the field of clinical psychology - founded the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896 - founded the first journal devoted to clinical psychology in 1907 (first time the term "clinical psychology" had been published) When was the Boulder Conference? What did it emphasize? - Answer️️ - 1949 (40s) - first ever conference on graduate training in clinical psychology - held in Boulder, Colorado - alternate name for the *scientist-practitioner model* - competence in the application of clinical methods (assessment, psychotherapy, etc.) and the research methods necessary to study and evaluate the field scientifically - classes in statistics and research methods and classes in psychotherapy and assessment Vail Model (Practitioner-scholar) - Answer️️ -1973 (70s) - conference on graduate training in Vail, Colorado - *practitioner-scholar model* - ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 2 emphasized extensive training in the development of applied clinical skill - coursework directly related to practice - birth of the PsyD degree Clinical-Scientists Model - Answer️️ -1990s - movement toward increased empiricism - science should be the bedrock of clinical psychology - emphasized science more than Boulder model - Ph.D awarded met a strong emphasis on the scientific method and evidence-based clinical method - created Academy of Psychological Clinical Science (very elite, prominent, influential) Who is Emil Kraepelin? - Answer️️ -Father of descriptive psychiatry - first to promote different categories of mental illness - exogenous disorders (caused by external factors) and endogenous disorders (caused by internal factors) - gave name to specific disorders within the categories - *dementia praecox* to describe one endogenous disorder similar to what is now known as schizophrenia - set standard for DSM models Year of first DSM? - Answer️️ -Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - DSM was published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952 as the prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals, containing the definitions of all mental disorders Current DSM: What is it entitled? Published? Who publishes it? - Answer️️ -Currently on DSM-5 - published by the American Psychiatric Association - published in May 2013 ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 3 What group of professionals most treated mental illness early in the clinical psych era ()? - Answer️️ -Medical practioneers (Freud was a neruologist) What is the most popular/used cognitive orientation today? - Answer️️ - Cognitive therapy, with its emphasis on logical thinking as the foundation of psychological wellness, has intensified to the point that it has become the most popular singular orientation among clinical psychologists Overdiagnosis, Diagnostic expansion, Diagnostic inflation - Answer️️ - DSM-5 has evolved since its creation - introduced numerous new disorders and which changed the criteria for some existing disorders in such a way that they would include more people - this climb in mental disorder rates goes by many names: overdiagnosis, diagnostic expansion, diagnostic inflation, diagnostic creep, medicalization of everyday problems, false positives, and in severe cases, false epidemics - influenced by mental health professional who just gives meds, pharmaceutical companies What % of psychiatrists who were apart of the DSM-5 have ties to pharmaceutical companies? - Answer️️ -69% 57% in DSM-IV What non-physician groups already have prescription privileges? - Answer️️ -Psychologists can prescribe in New Mexico, Louisiana, and IL - Dentists, podiatrists, optometrists, and advanced practice nurses can prescribe medicine ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 4 What entities allow psychologists to prescribe meds? - Answer️️ - Psychopharmacology training programs available for psychologists in the U.S. military Advantages to prescribing meds - Answer️️ -Shortage of psychiatrists, Clinical psychologists are more expert than primary care physicians, Other nonphysician professionals already have prescription privileges, Convenience for clients, Professional autonomy, Professional identification, evolution of the profession, money for the profession Disadvantages to prescribing meds - Answer️️ -Training issues, threats to psychotherapy, identity confusion What % of psychoactive meds come from PCPs (primary care physicians)? - Answer️️ -More than 80% of the prescriptions written for psychoactive medications come from primary care physicians despite psychatrist specialty What is the "fourth force" in the history of psychology per some authors? - Answer️️ -Evolution of the clinical/counseling field revolves