BIO 201 Test 3 Study Guide- Chapters
8,9,10 Questions and Correct Answers
Catabolism ✅-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules
-releasing energy.
-"cat" knocking something down
Anabolism ✅-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules
-requiring energy.
Redox reaction ✅-A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons
from one reactant to another
-also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
Oxidation ✅-The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
-oxidized element gains charge
Reduction ✅-gaining of electrons
-reduced element looses charge
What is oxidized in cellular respiration? ✅-Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide
What is reduced in cellular respiration? ✅-oxygen is reduced to water
What is oxidized in photosynthesis? ✅-Water is oxidized to oxygen
What is reduced in photosynthesis? ✅-carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose
Leptin ✅-A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in
regulating appetite
-receptors that tell you when you are full
-many obese people have a decreased sensitivity to these leptin responses
Energy coupling ✅-The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
Purines ✅-Adenine and Guanine
-2 carbon rings: 1 5c and 1 6c
Pyrmidines ✅-cytosine, thymine, uracil
-1 6c molecule
, Glycolysis steps ✅Energy investment phase
1. 1 ATP is used to add a Pi to change glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
2. Changes to isomer fructose 6 phosphate
3. 1 ATP is used to add a Pi to change into fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
Energy payoff phase
4. Split into 2 glyceraldhyde 3 phosphate; produced 2 NADH; energy from this reaction
adds 2 Pi to change molecules into 1, 3 bisphosphglycerate
5 and 6. Pi are removed and generate 4 ATP forming 1 phosphoglycerate and finally
pyruvate
Substrate-level phosphorylation ✅-glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Overall reactants and products of glycolysis ✅-uses: 2 ATP
-generates: 4 (2 net) ATP plus 2 NADH plus 2 pyruvate
Mitochondrial matrix ✅-the fluid that is inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
-pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
Cristae of mitochondria ✅-inner membrane of mitochondria
-location of electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation ✅-Conversion of 2 pyruvate from glycolysis into 2 acetyl coa, 2
NADH, and 2 CO2
-step that sets up Citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle steps ✅1. Acetyl-coa bonds with Oxaloacetate (coa comes off Acetyl-
coa) to form Citrate.
2. Citrate atoms are rearranged to form Isocitrate.
3. Isocitrate is oxidized to alpha ketoglutarate (decarboxylated); produces an NADH and
CO2
4. Alpha ketoglutarate oxidized and produces NADH and CO2 to form succinate
5. Phosphate is added and then transferred to form GTP
6. Succinate changes into fumarate which produces FADH2
7. Changes to malate and back to oxaloacetate and produces last NADH
Citric acid reactants and products ✅-occurs twice
-uses 2 acetyl coa
-generates 4 CO2, 4 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTP (ATP)
Oxidative phosphorylation steps ✅1. NADH enters complex 1 and releases H+ into
inter membrane space; releases e* into complex which travels into complex 3
2. FADH2 enters complex 2 and does the same; releasing H+ and transporting e* into
the next complex
8,9,10 Questions and Correct Answers
Catabolism ✅-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules
-releasing energy.
-"cat" knocking something down
Anabolism ✅-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules
-requiring energy.
Redox reaction ✅-A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons
from one reactant to another
-also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
Oxidation ✅-The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
-oxidized element gains charge
Reduction ✅-gaining of electrons
-reduced element looses charge
What is oxidized in cellular respiration? ✅-Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide
What is reduced in cellular respiration? ✅-oxygen is reduced to water
What is oxidized in photosynthesis? ✅-Water is oxidized to oxygen
What is reduced in photosynthesis? ✅-carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose
Leptin ✅-A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in
regulating appetite
-receptors that tell you when you are full
-many obese people have a decreased sensitivity to these leptin responses
Energy coupling ✅-The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
Purines ✅-Adenine and Guanine
-2 carbon rings: 1 5c and 1 6c
Pyrmidines ✅-cytosine, thymine, uracil
-1 6c molecule
, Glycolysis steps ✅Energy investment phase
1. 1 ATP is used to add a Pi to change glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
2. Changes to isomer fructose 6 phosphate
3. 1 ATP is used to add a Pi to change into fructose 1 6 bisphosphate
Energy payoff phase
4. Split into 2 glyceraldhyde 3 phosphate; produced 2 NADH; energy from this reaction
adds 2 Pi to change molecules into 1, 3 bisphosphglycerate
5 and 6. Pi are removed and generate 4 ATP forming 1 phosphoglycerate and finally
pyruvate
Substrate-level phosphorylation ✅-glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Overall reactants and products of glycolysis ✅-uses: 2 ATP
-generates: 4 (2 net) ATP plus 2 NADH plus 2 pyruvate
Mitochondrial matrix ✅-the fluid that is inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
-pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
Cristae of mitochondria ✅-inner membrane of mitochondria
-location of electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation ✅-Conversion of 2 pyruvate from glycolysis into 2 acetyl coa, 2
NADH, and 2 CO2
-step that sets up Citric acid cycle
Citric acid cycle steps ✅1. Acetyl-coa bonds with Oxaloacetate (coa comes off Acetyl-
coa) to form Citrate.
2. Citrate atoms are rearranged to form Isocitrate.
3. Isocitrate is oxidized to alpha ketoglutarate (decarboxylated); produces an NADH and
CO2
4. Alpha ketoglutarate oxidized and produces NADH and CO2 to form succinate
5. Phosphate is added and then transferred to form GTP
6. Succinate changes into fumarate which produces FADH2
7. Changes to malate and back to oxaloacetate and produces last NADH
Citric acid reactants and products ✅-occurs twice
-uses 2 acetyl coa
-generates 4 CO2, 4 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTP (ATP)
Oxidative phosphorylation steps ✅1. NADH enters complex 1 and releases H+ into
inter membrane space; releases e* into complex which travels into complex 3
2. FADH2 enters complex 2 and does the same; releasing H+ and transporting e* into
the next complex
