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BIO 102 phylogenetic analysis
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This is a comprehensive and detailed note phylogenetic analysis for Bio 102. *Essential Study Material!!
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we study the history of life● Phylogeny → evolutionary history of a group of organisms
● Two major tools to study history of life
○ Fossil records
■ Problem: not every species fossilizes
○ Phylogenetic trees
■ Estimating and understanding how organisms are related
● Can be used separate or in combination
● Phylogenetic tree: graphical summary of history
● Evolutionary relationships among species, genes and higher taxa
● Most universal phylogenetic tree
○ Tree of Life
○ Evolutionary relationship among all living organisms
Why this matters
Phylogenies are useful tools:
● Testing hypotheses about evolutionary history
● Identifying unknown organisms
● Used in taxonomy to define species
● Used in medicine to study disease spread
● Aid in identifying species that are in conservation priority
● Used in agriculture to identify wild species breeding with current crops
Anatomy of phylogenetic tree
● Root
○ ancestral lineage
○ Most common ancestor
● Node
○ Where lineages diverge
○ Most recent ancestor of descendant group
● Polytomy
○ Unresolved pattern of divergence
● Sister taxa
○ Two branches off one ancestor
○ Evolutionary relationships are the same
● Tip
○ Living or extinct species or other taxon
● Outgroup
○ Diverged before the taxa that are the focus of the study
○ Helps to root the tree
○ Only shares root or common ancestor
How biologists estimate phylogenies
● morphological/genetic characteristics
● Behavioral data
● 2 general strategies
○ Cladistics: using parsimony
○ Phenetic: uses similarities but similarities are not always from evolutionary relationships
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