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Exam 1 - Fundamentals of Nursing, Taylor 1, 6, 7, 8, 14, 17, 24, 25, 26, 31
1. Florence Nightingale: Defined nursing as both an art and a science,
differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding nursing education;
published books about nursing and health care; is Founder of Modern Nursing
2. Clara Barton: Volunteered to care for wounds and feed Union soldiers during
the Civil War; served as the supervisor of nurses for the Army of the James,
organizing hospitals and nurses; established the Red Cross in the United States in
1882
3. Dorothea Dix: 1-Served as Superintendent of the Female Nurses of the Army
during Civil War; 2-Recruited & Equipped Corps of Army Nurses; 3-
Pioneer/Crusader to reform treatment of the mentally ill
4. Mary Ann Bickerdyke: Organized diet kitchens, laundries, an ambulance
service, & supervised nursing staff during the Civil War
5. Louise Schuyler: Civil War nurse who returned to New York and organized
the
New York Charities Aid Association to improve care of the sick in Bellevue
Hospital; recommended standards for nursing education
6. Linda Richards: Graduated in 1873 from the New England Hospital for
Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts, as the first trained nurse in
the United States; became the night superintendent of Bellevue Hospital in
1874 and began the practice of keeping records and writing orders
7. Jane Addams: Provided social services within a neighborhood setting; a
leader for women's rights; recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace prize
8. Lillian Wald: Established a neighborhood nursing service for the sick poor of
the
Lower East Side in New York City; the founder of public health nursing
9. Mary Elizabeth Mahoney: Graduated from the New England Hospital for
Women and Children in 1879 as America's first African American nurse
10. Harriet Tubman: A nurse and an abolitionist; active in the underground
railroad movement before joining the Union Army during the Civil War
11. Nora Gertrude Livingston: Established a training program for nurses at the
Montreal General Hospital (the first 3-year program in North America)
12. Mary Agnes Snively: Director of the nursing school at Toronto General
Hospital and one of the founders of the Canadian Nurses Association
13. Sojourner Truth: Provided nursing care to soldiers during the Civil War and
worked for the women's movement
,14. Isabel Hampton Robb: 1-A leader in nursing and nursing education; 2-
Organized the nursing school at Johns Hopkins Hospital;3-Initiated policies
that included limiting the number of hours in a days work; 4-Wrote a nursing
student textbook; 5-First president of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the
United States and Canada (now American Nurses Association).
15 Mary Adelaide Nuttig: 1st professor of nursing in the world as a faculty of
Teacher's College Columbia University; with Lavinia Dock, published the four-
volume History of Nursing
16. Elizabeth Smellie: Member of original Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada;
organized the Canadian Women's Army Corps during WWII
17. Lavinia Dock: Nursing leader and women's rights activist: worked on
Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote
18. Mary Breckenridge: Established the Frontier Nursing Service and one of the
first midwifery schools in the United States
19. Margaret Sanger: Opened the first birth control clinic in the US; founder of
Planned Parenthood
20. Nursing process: Five-step systematic method for giving patient care;
involves assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating.
Nurses implement their roles which involve both the art and the science of
nursing
21. The nursing process is used by the Nurse to: (select all that apply) a-
Identify the patient's health care needs and strengths
b-Establish and carry out a care plan to meet those needs c-To evaluate
the effectiveness of the plan
d-To meet established outcomes
e-To help family members decide on alternatives: Identify the patient's health
care needs and strengths;
Establish and carry out a care plan to meet those; needs; To evaluate the
effectiveness of the plan; To meet established outcomes
22. Values clarification: process by which people come to understand their own
values and value system
23. Values theorists most often describe the process of valuing as focusing
on 3 main activities. What are they (define)?: Choosing--select freely from
alternatives after carefully considering. Prizing/Treasuring--pride, happiness,
, public affirmation of something you value. Acting--regularly and consistently
chooses to behave according to the value(s)
24. Ethics: A systematic study of principles of right and wrong, virtue and vice,
and good and evil as they relate to conduct and humanity; used when
describing a professional code of conduct such as nursing
25. Morals: personal or communal standards of right and wrong; the fact that an
action is legal doesn't make it ethically or morally right
26. Bioethics: Study of ethics issues related to health care fields/ the life
sciences. 3 questions of Bioethics: 1-What kind of healthcare person should I
be to live morally & make good ethical decisions? 2-Duties & obligations to
others affected by my actions? 3-What do I owe common good/public interest
as memb of society?
27 Nursing Ethics: a subset of bioethics; formal study of ethical issues that arise
in the practice of nursing and of the analysis used by nurses to make ethical
judgments. Common: cost-containment issues that jeopardize patients,
beginning/end-of-life decisions, breaches of pt confidentiality, illegal/unethical
colleagues
28. Utilitarian: the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the
consequences of the action; based on usefulness: actions are right when they
promote the greater good and wrong when they don't
29. Deontologic: an action is right or wrong based on a rule, independent of its
consequences: actions are right or wrong regardless of the consequences
30. Principle-based approach (to ethics): Combines elements of both utilitarian
and deontologic theories and offers specific action guides for practice
31. Beauchamp & Childress Approach to Bioethics: Principle-based. Identifies
4 key principles: Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, and Justice. Many
nurses add Fidelity, Veracity, Accountability, Privacy, and Confidentiality to the
list.
32. Autonomy: Moral rule: respect the rights of patients or their surrogates to
make health care decisions
Nursing practice: Provide info & support patients/families need to make right
decision for them incl collaborating w other healthcare team members to advocate
for patient
33. Nonmaleficence: Moral rule: Avoid causing harm
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