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NURS 611 Exam 3 Patho Maryville
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NURS 611 Exam 3 Patho MaryvilleWhat imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
a.Increased serum calcium levels
b.Decreased serum magnesium levels
c.Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d.Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone - ANS A. The overall effect of parathyroid
hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to decrease serum phosphate concentration. The
other presented imbalances will not affect PTH in the described fashion.
Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example of which type of
regulation?
a.Negative feedback
c.Neural
b.Positive feedback
d.Physiologic - ANS c. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the
cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or
certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-induced
release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of hormones. The
remaining options do not accurately describe the example given.
How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a.Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b.Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c.Too little hormone production is initiated.
d.Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. - ANS D. Negative-
feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic ranges. The lack of
negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic conditions. Excessive
hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn off the system, can cause various
hormonal imbalances and related conditions. The correct option is the only accurate description of
this hormonal function.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a.Thyroxine
c.Follicle-stimulating hormone
,b.Aldosterone
d.Insulin - ANS D. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and
parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. All the remaining options are
fat-soluble hormones.
Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a.Cortisol
c.Epinephrine
b.Oxytocin
d.Growth hormone - ANS A
Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily bound to a carrier or
transport protein in circulation. The other options are water-soluble hormones.
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a.Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b.Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c.Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d.Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry - ANS B
Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water
soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms. The other options are not true statements related to
the transport of protein hormones.
when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is
the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a hormone?
a.Pharmacologic
c.Synergistic
b.Permissive
d.Direct - ANS D
Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result from the stimulation by
a particular hormone. The other options are not used to identify the described effect.
8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited
when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example of:
a.Positive feedback
,c.Neural regulation
b.Negative feedback
d.Physiologic regulation - ANS B
Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the cellular environment. Negative
feedback occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates
the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
(TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of TSH
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) then
generate negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The
described example is not accurately identified by any of the other options.
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:
a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm
b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
c.Inside the mitochondria
d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - ANS A
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma membrane and easily diffuse across
the plasma membrane to bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The other options are not
true statements.
10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-adrenergic receptor?
a.Calcium
b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c.Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANS D
Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of
the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype
activates (through a stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes
the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The
remaining messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to bind as described.
Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate phospholipase C
through a G protein?
a.
Angiotensin II
, c.
Estrogen
b.
Thyroxine
d.
Testosterone - ANS A
Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the binding of a hormone (e.g.,
norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor, activating the enzyme phospholipase C
through a G protein inside the plasma membrane. None of the other options acts on its target cell
via a second messenger.
The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a.
Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b.
Is continuously synthesized.
c.
Acts as a second messenger.
d.
Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. - ANS C
In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is
considered an important second messenger. The other options are not true statements related to
the control of calcium within the cells.
The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:
a.
Posterior
c.
Anterior
b.
Inferior
d.
Superior - ANS A
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