,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following
pathophysiological mechanisms is most likely involved in
the development of atherosclerosis?
a) Endothelial injury and inflammation
b) Decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake by
adipocytes
c) Increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) synthesis
d) Reduced platelet aggregation
Correct Answer: a) Endothelial injury and inflammation
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is primarily caused by
endothelial injury and the subsequent inflammatory
response, which leads to plaque formation within arterial
walls.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is the process by which a
cancer cell spreads from the original site to distant tissues
and organs.
Correct Answer: Metastasis
Rationale: Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells
from the primary tumor to distant sites, establishing new
tumors.
3. True/False: The Frank-Starling law states that the stroke
volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in
the volume of blood filling the heart.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale: The Frank-Starling law indicates that the
heart's stroke volume will increase as the end-diastolic
volume increases, up to a certain point.
, 4. Multiple Response: Select all the factors that contribute
to the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
a) Insulin resistance
b) Impaired insulin secretion
c) Genetic susceptibility
d) Decreased glucose uptake by the gastrointestinal tract
Correct Answers: a) Insulin resistance, b) Impaired
insulin secretion, c) Genetic susceptibility
Rationale: T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance,
impaired insulin secretion, and genetic factors, but not by
decreased glucose uptake in the gastrointestinal tract.
5. Multiple Choice: In the context of leadership and
management in nursing, which of the following is a critical
component of effective change management?
a) Autocratic decision-making
b) Communication and collaboration
c) Minimal stakeholder involvement
d) Resistance to feedback
Correct Answer: b) Communication and collaboration
Rationale: Effective change management in nursing
requires open communication and collaboration among all
stakeholders to ensure successful implementation.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: The healthcare model that focuses on
the interconnection between individuals, populations, and
systems is known as the __________ model.
Correct Answer: Systems thinking
Rationale: Systems thinking is a model that emphasizes
the relationships and interactions between various
components of healthcare, including individuals and
populations.
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