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VTNE: Pharmacology Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
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VTNE: Pharmacology Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
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1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+VTNE: Pharmacology Questions and
Answers (100% Pass)
Who regulates controlled drugs?
✓ The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the DEA (Drug
Enforcement Administration)
C-I
✓ Schedule I drugs have the most abuse potential and no current
medically acceptable use
✓ Marajuana, heroin
C-II
✓ Schedule II drugs have a high abuse potential and are prone to cause
severe dependence
✓ Written prescription only (except in emergencies with written script
within 72 hrs)
✓ No refills
✓ Morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, fentanyl
C-III
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
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✓ Schedule III drugs have moderate abuse potential with low to
moderate risk of dependence (more likely psychological than physical)
✓ Ketamine, buprenorphine, anabolic steroids, intermediate-acting
barbiturates
C-IV
✓ Schedule IV drugs have a low abuse potential and low risk of
dependence
✓ Benzodiazepines (diazepam), long-acting barbiturates (phenobarbital)
C-V
✓ Schedule V drugs have the lowest risk of abuse or dependence of the
scheduled drugs
Compounded drug
✓ One that has been manipulated in a way that is not provided for in an
FDA approved drug label
Five "rights" of drug administration
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
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✓ Right drug
✓ Right amount
✓ Right route
✓ Right time
✓ Right patient
Therapeutic index (TI)
✓ Comparison between a drug's ability to reach the desired effect and
its tendency to produce toxic effects
✓ TI = LD50/ED50
✓ The larger the number, the safer the drug
LD50
✓ The dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of the animals in a trial
ED50
✓ The dose of a drug that is effective in 50% of the animals in a trial
Blood-brain barrier
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
, 1|Page | © copyright 2024/2025 | Grade A+
✓ A mechanism that prevents some substances in the blood from
reaching the brain. It is achieved by brain capillaries, which unlike
other capillaries elsewhere in the body, are composed of endothelial
cells sealed together in continuous tight junctions and surrounded by
astrocytes that contribute to the selective passage of substances.
Lipid-soluble substances such as alcohol, caffeine, nicotine and most
anaesthetics, as well as glucose, oxygen and water, pass rapidly into
brain cells, whereas proteins, most antibiotics and ions do not enter or
enter very slowly. The mechanism protects brain cells against harmful
substances and pathogens.
Biotransformation
✓ The process by which the body inactivates and breaks down a drug
and readies it for excretion
✓ Types include hydroxylation and acetylation
✓ Also known as metabolism
Metabolite
✓ Byproduct produced when a drug is metabolized
✓ Can be active or inactive
Antimicrobial drugs
Master01 | October, 2024/2025 | Latest update
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